Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth,flesh quality and antioxidant capacity of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus

To investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth, flesh quality and antioxidant capacity of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus, a 56‐day feeding trial with five graded levels of dietary VC (D1: 11.69, D2: 34.89, D3: 59.10, D4: 114.26 and D5: 227.93 mg VC per kg of diet) was performed on 375 fish (triplicate groups of 25 fish per diet, initial weight 13.57 ± 0.09 g). Results showed that fish of D3 group exhibited the maximum specific growth rate (SGR) and the highest liver enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX), which were consistent with the expression levels of cat and gsh‐px. Besides, the D3 group also showed higher contents of protein and lipid, and lower cooking loss, drip loss and malondialdehyde content in muscle than D1 group. The docosahexaenoic acid proportion in muscle increased with increasing dietary VC levels. Furthermore, the lowest expression levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1 (cpt1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (pparα) were detected in livers of D3 group. The optimum dietary VC level was 49.73 mg/kg from the broken‐line analysis based on the SGR, in which better growth performance, antioxidative ability and flesh quality were observed in T. ovatus juveniles.     

Effect of l‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate supplementation on growth performance,body composition,antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid (AsA), in the form of l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (LAPP) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Five practical diets (46% crude protein and 7.6% lipid) supplemented with graded levels of AsA (14.64, 48.55, 84.98, 308.36 and 639.27 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to five replicate groups of L. vannamei (mean initial wet weight 0.57 g). No significant differences were found on growth performance among all treatments. However, whole body lipid content significantly decreased with dietary AsA levels increasing. Activities of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly affected by dietary AsA levels. Shrimp fed LAPP‐free diet had higher malondialdehyde content than those fed the diets supplemented with LAPP. Dietary AsA levels higher than 308.36 mg kg^?1 diet increased the survival of shrimps after 1, 2 and 3 h of acute salinity change. Broken‐line regression analysis on survival after 3 h of salinity stress and second‐degree polynomial regression analysis on glutathione reductase data indicated that the optimal dietary AsA requirement of L. vannamei was estimated to be 306.39, 319.75 mg kg^?1 diet respectively.     

1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜营养需要量的研究

本研究旨在通过研究饲粮铜添加水平对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能、肝脏和血清铜含量等的影响,以探讨1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜的营养需要量。选用1日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉公雏鸡1440只,根据体重随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鸡,组1(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮(2.80 mg/kg铜),组2、3、4、5、6饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加4、8、16、32、64 mg/kg铜。试验期21 d。结果表明：本试验条件下,1)饲粮添加4和64 mg/kg铜显著提高试鸡平均日采食量( P<0.05),饲粮中铜添加水平对末重、平均日增重和料重比无显著影响( P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,8 mg/kg组法氏囊指数显著升高( P<0.05),而饲粮铜添加水平对胸腺和脾脏指数无显著影响( P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,8、16、32和64 mg/kg组血清和肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),各组间血清和肝脏丙二醛含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);添加16、32、64 mg/kg铜显著降低血清铜蓝蛋白活性(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,16、32和64 mg/kg组血清铜含量显著降低(P<0.05),铜添加水平对肝脏铜含量和肝脏金属硫蛋白含量影响不显著( P>0.05)。综合考虑各项指标,为获得较好生长性能和免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能,1~21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜适宜添加水平为8 mg/kg,加上基础饲粮铜含量2.80 mg/kg,则该阶段黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为10.80 mg/kg;以血清CuZnSOD活性为依据,通过非线性回归分析估测得到1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为13.38 mg/kg。     

热休克蛋白在冷应激引起的炎症反应和氧化应激中的调节作用

冬季持续低温引起的冷应激是降低北方畜牧业经济效益和动物福利的重要因素,可诱导动物产生炎症反应和氧化应激危害机体健康。热休克蛋白作为体内重要的分子伴侣蛋白,在维持机体内环境稳态、帮助动物抵抗应激方面有重要作用,低温环境可激活热休克蛋白快速产生,以此在细胞内外对免疫和抗氧化系统发挥重要调节作用：在胞外,具有保护细胞、参与调节免疫细胞功能、激发免疫反应和提高抗氧化酶活性等作用;在胞内,可抑制NF-κB信号通路保护机体免受炎症损伤,上调Nrf2信号通路提高机体抗氧化功能,缓解冷应激对机体造成的负面影响。本文总结了国内外关于在冷应激状态下热休克蛋白对机体免疫和抗氧化功能的调节作用及其机制,并给出部分提高热休克蛋白表达水平的方法,以期为后续畜禽的冷应激理论研究提供参考。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性和生长的影响

为了探讨外源NO是否能减轻盐胁迫对燕麦（Avena sativa）幼苗的伤害,以水培生长到四叶一心的燕麦幼苗为研究材料,在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,探讨了0.06 mmol/L外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对白燕6号和内散2号2个燕麦品种幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以及丙二醛(MDA）含量、质膜透性、叶绿素含量和植株干质量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,施入外源NO可提高燕麦叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性,降低MDA含量和质膜透性,并能缓解叶绿素含量的下降,提高植株干质量,从而减轻NaCl胁迫对燕麦幼苗的伤害;但外源NO对不同抗氧化酶活性影响不同,其中对提高SOD、CAT、APX活性的作用相对较大,而对提高POD活性的作用相对较小。     

Combined Effect of Zinc and Cadmium Levels on Root Antioxidative Responses in Three Different Zinc‐Efficient Wheat Genotypes

This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) nutrition on root antioxidative responses to cadmium (Cd) toxicity of three wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. A hydroponic experiment was carried out in which two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. ‘Rushan’ and ‘Cross’) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Durum) were exposed to three Zn²⁺ (10^?11.11, 10^?9.11 and 10^?8.81 μm ) and two Cd²⁺ (10^?11.21 and 10^?10.2 μm ) activity levels. ‘Durum’ showed the highest root sulfhydryl (‐SH) groups content and activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the lowest root membrane permeability among the studied wheat genotypes. In ‘Durum’, Zn nutrition increased root ‐SH groups concentration of seedlings in Cd‐free nutrient solution. In ‘Cross’, as Zn²⁺ activity increased from 10^?11.11 to 10^?9.11 μm , root ‐SH groups concentration was increased while decreased with increasing Zn²⁺ to 10^?8.81 μm . Cadmium increased root membrane permeability at both 10^?11.11 and 10^?9.11 μm Zn²⁺ levels. Activity of CAT and APX increased in roots of ‘Durum’ plants exposed to Cd at Zn²⁺ = 10^?9.11 μm and thereafter decreased with increasing Zn²⁺ activity. In contrast, CAT and APX activity in roots of ‘Cross’ and ‘Rushan’ genotypes exposed to Cd decreased by increasing Zn activity to 10^?9.11 μm and then increased at Zn²⁺ = 10^?8.81μm . The results showed an increase in activities of antioxidative enzymes in Cd‐treated plants, although this increase was dependent on the crop genotype and Zn levels in the media.     

Effect of Dietary Antarctic Krill Meal on Growth Performance,Muscle Proximate Composition,and Antioxidative Capacity of Juvenile Spotted Halibut,Verasper variegatus

A 7‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Antarctic krill meal (AKM) on the growth performance, proximate composition of muscles, and antioxidative capacity of juvenile spotted halibut. Six diets were formulated to contain about 50% protein and 8% lipid. A control diet (R0) without AKM and the other five diets with 8.1, 16.2, 24.3, 32.4, and 42.5% AKM supplementation (R10–50) to replace 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% fishmeal protein were used to feed to juvenile spotted halibut. The juveniles were fed with each diet using three replicates and cultivated in the indoor culture system. Results showed that the specific growth rate, feed intake, and protein efficiency ratio in the R30 and R40 groups were significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). Survival rate in the R50 group was significantly lower compared with the R0 group and the other four AKM supplementation groups. Moreover, the rising AKM levels in diets had significant effects on the chemical composition of juvenile spotted halibut, showing significantly decreased contents of crude protein, but increased lipid and ash contents (P < 0.05). The total superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity of serum and liver in AKM groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the contents of malondialdehyde in serum and liver were significantly lower compared with the control group. These findings illustrate that a moderate AKM level in diets can significantly improve the growth performance, feed utilization, and antioxidative capacity in juvenile spotted halibut, which support the finding that AKM may be used as a good protein source for halibut in the aquafeed industry.     

Impact of foliar nickel application on urease activity,antioxidant metabolism and control of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean plants

Nickel (Ni) is a cofactor for urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological impact of Ni on urea, antioxidant metabolism and powdery mildew severity in soybean plants. Seven levels of Ni (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g ha^?1) alone or combined with the fungicides fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin were applied to soybean plants. The total Ni concentration ranged from 3.8 to 38.0 mg kg^?1 in leaves and 3.0 to 18.0 mg kg^?1 in seeds. A strong correlation was observed between Ni concentration in the leaves and seeds, indicating translocation of Ni from leaves to seeds. Application of Ni above 60 g ha^?1 increased lipid peroxidation in the leaf tissues, indicative of oxidative stress. Application of 40 g ha^?1 Ni combined with 300 mL ha^?1 of fungicide reduced powdery mildew severity by up to 99%. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and urease enzyme activity were greatest under these conditions. Urea concentration decreased in response to Ni application. Urease activity in soybean leaves showed a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The leaf Ni concentration showed a positive correlation with the urease and a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The results of this study suggest that urease is a key enzyme regulated by Ni and has a role in host defence against powdery mildew by stimulating antioxidant metabolism in soybean plants.     

NaCl处理对胡杨生长及生理生态特征的影响

以胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼株为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同NaCl浓度(0、50、100、200 mmol·L-1和400 mmol·L-1)处理对胡杨生长及叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、水势、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:在≥200 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下,胡杨株高较对照显著减少,在400 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下,基茎粗较对照显著减少,在NaCl浓度≥100 mmol·L-1时,冠幅面积和叶、枝干重较对照显著减少,根干重随NaCl浓度的增加呈显著线性减少趋势。在NaCl浓度≥200 mmol·L-1时,根冠比较对照显著减少。H2O2和MDA含量随NaCl处理浓度升高呈增加趋势。低浓度NaCl处理下(50 mmol·L-1),胡杨叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性较对照均有所提高,在NaCl浓度≥100 mmol·L-1时,SOD、POD和APX活性较对照降低。胡杨叶片水势随NaCl处理浓度升高而降低。在NaCl处理90 d后,胡杨叶片可溶性糖含量随NaCl浓度升高呈逐渐降低趋势。胡杨叶片脯氨酸含量随NaCl处理浓度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势。     

玫瑰茄粗多糖清除DPPH自由基活性研究

以玫瑰茄干花萼为原料,利用水浸醇析法提取玫瑰茄粗多糖,其抗氧化活性用清除1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼（DPPH）自由基的能力进行评价。结果表明,玫瑰茄粗多糖具有良好的抗氧化活性,其浓度在0.551~2.150 mg/mL范围内,与清除率呈较好的线性关系：y=28.7684x+39.43208,R=0.973。