Approach of allelopathy study with Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Hevnh. and Neurospora crassa

Allelopathy in Arabidopsis seeds was investigated in the present study because there are few available reports of allelopathy studies regarding the early development stage of the plant life cycle, and because Arabidopsis is widely used as a model plant for molecular biology. When cockscomb ( Celosia cristata ) was incubated together with Arabidopsis seeds, the growth of cockscomb was promoted by Arabidopsis seeds. Exudate of Arabidopsis seeds showed a promotive activity on the growth of cockscomb and Arabidopsis itself. A new method for studying allelopathic mechanisms involving the interaction of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Hevnh. and the fungus Neurospora crassa was suggested. Arabidopsis seed exudate and the water-soluble fraction of the exudate promoted Arabidopsis growth and reduced fungal germination, indicating that the seed exudate has a species-selective activity. Conversely, the ethylacetate-soluble fraction inhibited growth of all tested materials in the current study. These results demonstrate that the water-soluble substance(s) released from Arabidopsis seeds have species-selective activity on growth of both plants and microorganisms.     

几种酚酸对毛竹种子发芽的影响

针对连续多年覆盖后雷竹林产生的衰退减产问题,从竹林覆盖物料对竹子的化感作用角度对衰退的原因进行了分析.利用外施不同浓度和种类的酚酸以及稻草、竹叶水浸液对毛竹种子进行发芽实验,以探求酚酸等化感物质对竹子生长的影响.试验结果表明,随处理液浓度的上升,几种酚酸和稻草、竹叶水浸液对毛竹种子的抑制作用增强.稻草、竹叶2种覆盖物1倍浸提母液处理后长出的种子胚根迅速失活死亡,5、10倍2种浸提母液对发芽势、胚根长度、胚根质量有促进作用.100 mg·L-1酚酸或混合酚酸液使胚根长度与对照相比减少24.49%～48.99%,胚根质量减少9.17%～38.08%;500 mg·L-1酚酸或混合酚酸液可使胚根长度减少73.48%～88.63%,胚根质量减少76.00%～90.83%.据此认为,覆盖物产生并在土壤中累积的大量酚酸可抑制竹林根系生长,并导致雷竹林经连续多年覆盖后衰退和减产.     

银胶菊的花对小麦的化感作用机制

采用温室盆栽法,研究了银胶菊的花水浸提液对小麦生长及其生理生化机制的影响,以明确其对小麦的化感作用。结果显示,花水浸提液抑制小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度的升高而加强;随着花水浸提液浓度的增加,小麦叶片光合作用、光合色素含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,磷(P)和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氮(N)含量呈现先降低后趋于正常的变化趋势,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性没有显著变化,而过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。表明银胶菊的花水浸提液抑制小麦叶片光合作用,提高了小麦叶片的MDA含量,并降低了小麦叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性。     

Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions--an update

Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were discovered in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic crops offer for integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide rates. Research groups worldwide have identified several crop species possessing potent allelopathic interference mediated by root exudation of allelochemicals. Rice, wheat, barley and sorghum have attracted most attention. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Based on this, traditional breeding efforts were initiated in rice and wheat to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Promising suppressive crosses are under investigation. Molecular approaches have elucidated the genetics of allelopathy by QTL mapping which associated the trait in rice and wheat with several chromosomes and suggested the involvement of several allelochemicals. Potentially important compounds that are constitutively secreted from roots have been identified in all crop species under investigation. Biosynthesis and exudation of these metabolites follow a distinct temporal pattern and can be induced by biotic and abiotic factors. The current state of knowledge suggests that allelopathy involves fluctuating mixtures of allelochemicals and their metabolites as regulated by genotype and developmental stage of the producing plant, environment, cultivation and signalling effects, as well as the chemical or microbial turnover of compounds in the rhizosphere. Functional genomics is being applied to identify genes involved in biosynthesis of several identified allelochemicals, providing the potential to improve allelopathy by molecular breeding. The dynamics of crop allelopathy, inducible processes and plant signalling is gaining growing attention; however, future research should also consider allelochemical release mechanisms, persistence, selectivity and modes of action, as well as consequences of improved crop allelopathy on plant physiology, the environment and management strategies. Creation of weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference is still a challenge, but traditional breeding or biotechnology should pave the way.     

铺地竹叶片对结球生菜种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

采用基质盆栽试验,研究了铺地竹(Sasa argenteastriatus E.G.Camus)叶片对结球生菜(Lactucasativa L.var.capitata L.)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,铺地竹叶片粉末对结球生菜种子的萌发和幼根生长具有一定的抑制作用,随着浓度的增加抑制作用增强,在50～200 g/m2的范围内,幼根抑制率为12.15%～28.91%。在50～100 g/m2的用量下,铺地竹叶片对结球生菜苗长表现为促进生长作用,而在200 g/m2时,则表现为抑制生长作用。施用铺地竹叶片后3 d、6 d、9 d和12 d,结球生菜幼苗的叶绿素含量特别是叶绿素a的含量显著减少,随着基质中叶片粉末浓度的增加,结球生菜叶绿素含量降低,叶绿素a含量高低依次为对照、低浓度处理、中浓度处理、高浓度处理。随着处理后时间的延长,竹叶对结球生菜叶片叶绿素a含量的影响减弱。这个结果进一步验证了自然条件下铺地竹叶片对植物生长的化感效应,说明其具有开发植物源除草剂的潜力,为研究铺地竹叶片中的化感物质提供了佐证。     

他感作用及其林学意义与思考

在全面介绍他感作用研究历史、概念和研究现状的基础上,分析认为苗圃育苗失败、边行优势、小老树、散生树种、林网胁地、干旱半干旱地区造林成活率保存率双低等常见林学问题,都是他感作用的结果,或其重要因素之一。结合相关论述,提供铅笔柏受群众杨他感抑制的一则实例,提出挥发性他感物质改变茎尖向性生长可能是一种他感作用形式,以及植物吐水作为他感物质释放的可能途径。从植物次生代谢和进化角度进一步阐释他感作用,结合植物生物学特点,分析认为他感作用是植物的攻击性防御手段,其效能强度依次为抑制竞争者种子萌发、根尖生长、茎尖生长、侧芽萌发、全株生长和种子生产。     

脂肪酸酯化合物对西瓜幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

采用基质培养法,研究不同浓度(0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、4.00 mmol/L)的邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)对‘早佳84–24’西瓜幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:0.10 mmol/L DOP和0.05mmol/L DIBP对西瓜幼苗生长的促进作用最强;在DOP和DIBP处理后5 d和10 d,西瓜幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着处理浓度的增加均增大,到处理后15 d,SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降,MDA含量急剧升高;DOP、DIBP处理西瓜幼苗中脯氨酸含量分别在15 d和10 d后比对照显著增大,说明DOP和DIBP对西瓜的化感作用与作用时间及浓度有关,浓度越大、作用时间越长,对植株的化感抑制作用越强。     

花叶滇苦菜浸提液对3种花卉种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

为探讨花叶滇苦菜与常见草本花卉协同生长过程中的化感作用机制,采用培养皿生物测定法,研究了花叶滇苦菜地上部(DS)和地下部(DX)不同浓度浸提液对二月兰、石竹、观赏油菜3种花卉种子萌发、幼苗生长的生理指标及相关酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以期为花卉植物大规模应用及杂草生物防治提供理论依据。结果表明:花叶滇苦菜浸提液对3种花卉种子萌发、幼苗生长均呈低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的趋势,在5 g·L^-1时2种浸提液中促进效应最大的是二月兰,其次是石竹,均在100 g·L^-1浓度下抑制效应达最大。2种浸提液提高了3种花卉幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,二月兰、观赏油菜在50 g·L^-1时达到峰值,石竹在25 g·L^-1时达到峰值,100 g·L^-1时均高于对照组,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛含量随浸提液浓度的升高而增加。石竹种子POD活性与种子发芽率呈极显著正相关;观赏油菜POD活性与茎长和根长呈显著正相关;二月兰根长与POD、CAT...     

辣椒根系分泌物的化感作用及其化感物质分析

 利用生物测定和GC-MS分析的方法,研究了辣椒根系分泌物各组分的化感作用及其优势组分的化感物质。结果表明：辣椒根系分泌物各组分对莴苣的化感作用不同,以乙醚洗脱组分的化感作用最强;对乙醚洗脱组分进行再分离,最后得出80%乙醚＋20％乙酸乙酯洗脱组分的化感作用最强;对80%乙醚＋20％乙酸乙酯洗脱组分进行GC-MS分析鉴定,确定辣椒根系分泌的主要化感物质为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸-丁基-环己烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸-丁基-异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二叔丁酯、二苯胺、4,4’-叔丁基二苯酚、苯萘胺、邻苯二甲酸,其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的含量最高。     

柠檬桉的他感作用研究

研究了柠檬桉脱落树皮和叶片水抽提物、根系分必物、叶片挥发物对受体萝卜发芽的他感作用，结果表明，柠檬桉脱皮和叶片水抽提物、根系分泌物、叶片挥发物都含有抑制物质；在年周期中柠檬桉的他感作用与降雨量有明显的负相关；马唐等９种参试受体植物对柠檬桉中的抑制物质有不同的敏感性；水抽提液中的抑制物质不易在土壤中滞留且对受体植物的作用效果是暂时的，而挥发性中的抑制物质在土壤中滞留时间较长而且受体植物受其作用后难以恢复生长。