MS培养基中氮、磷无机盐对鳗草克隆幼苗生存的影响

为了探究MS培养基中氮、磷无机营养盐对鳗草生长的影响。单独添加不同浓度KNO₃、NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄的天然海水中培养鳗草克隆苗,于7、14天进行植株形态学观察和叶片叶绿素含量测定。其中,KNO₃的添加量为MS培养基中的1/2倍、1倍和2倍及NO₃^-总浓度为39.4 mmol/L,KH₂PO₄和NH₄NO₃的添加量均为MS培养基中各自浓度的1/2、1和2倍。结果表明,叶绿素含量以KNO₃处理组最高(P<0.05),克隆苗培养14天无毒害现象,且有新叶发出;NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄处理组均对克隆苗有明显毒害作用,NH₄NO₃处理组叶片48 h后开始褐化,7天后茎尖、根尖明显变软并褐化,14天后植株死亡;KH₂PO₄处理组培养14天后叶片平均褐化率达56%。因此,1/2、MS培养基均不适用于鳗草的室内培养,其培养基的氮源应为单独添加的NO₃^--N或高浓度NO₃^--N+低浓度NH₄⁺-N。     

Rosmarinic Acid from Eelgrass Shows Nematicidal and Antibacterial Activities against Pine Wood Nematode and Its Carrying Bacteria

Pine wilt disease (PWD), a destructive disease for pine trees, is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and additional bacteria. In this study, extracts of Zostera marina showed a high nematicidal activity against PWN and some of the bacteria that it carries. Light yellow crystals were obtained from extracts of Z. marina through solvent extraction, followed by chromatography on AB-8 resin and crystallization. The NMR and HPLC analysis showed that the isolated compound was rosmarinic acid (RosA). RosA showed effective nematicidal activity, of which the LC₅₀ (50% lethal concentration) to PWN at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h was 1.18 mg/g, 1.05 mg/g and 0.95 mg/g, respectively. To get a high yield rate of RosA from Z. marina, single factor experiments and an L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal experiment were performed. This extraction process involved 70% ethanol for 3 h at 40 °C. The extraction dosage was 1:50 (w/v). The highest yield of RosA from Zostera was 3.13 mg/g DW (dried weight). The crude extracts of Zostera marina (10 mg/mL) and RosA (1 mg/mL) also showed inhibitory effects to some bacterial strains carried by PWN: Klebsiella sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptomyces sp. and Pantoea agglomerans. The results of these studies provide clues for preparing pesticide to control PWD from Z. marina.     

基于matK、rbcL和ITS序列的5种大叶藻系统发育研究

运用PCR直接测序法,对采自爱尔兰、日本、韩国和中国的大叶藻、矮大叶藻、丛生大叶藻和红须根虾形藻及GenBank中的宽叶大叶藻5种大叶藻叶绿体的matK、rbcL和核糖体ITS的部分序列进行测定,并比较分析了5种大叶藻3个目的片段的核苷酸序列,结果发现胞嘧啶(C)在3个目的片段上的含量均较低。ITS片段检测到172处核苷酸替换,表现出丰富的遗传多态性。matK基因片段上有52处核苷酸替换,rbcL基因片段上有20处核苷酸替换,且大部分替换来自于第三密码子的同义替换,种间在氨基酸水平上产生了一定的分化。基于ITS、matK和rbcL 3个目的片段,利用邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建的系统发育树结果基本一致,明显分为3大支。矮大叶藻与大叶藻属间3种大叶藻的核苷酸最小差异值为19.33%,在分子数据上达到了属的水平。基于matK和rbcL基因片段拼接序列的分析结果表明:大叶藻与丛生大叶藻的分化时间在上新世(2～2.7百万年前),与宽叶大叶藻的分化时间在上新世(4～5.3百万年),与矮大叶藻的分化时间在渐新世(27～36百万年前),与红须根虾形藻的分化时间在始新世(33～44百万年前)。4个地区大叶藻的...     

Temperature characteristics in seed germination and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera japonica</Emphasis> Ascherson &; Graebner from Ago Bay,Mie Prefecture,central Japan

The optimal water temperature in seed germination and the upper critical water temperature in seedling growth were determined for Zostera japonica collected from Ago Bay, Japan. The relationship between the seed germination rates and seed storage period (0, 30, and 60 days) at 0°C was also examined. The optimal water temperature in seed germination was in the range 15–20°C regardless of the storage period, in which germination rates were up to 14%. Seedlings, grown from seeds up to 10 cm in total length, were cultured for 1 week at various water temperatures to measure their relative growth rates. The optimal water temperature in early growth was in the range 20–25°C; relative growth rates ranged from 3.8 to 4.2%. Seedlings could survive up to a water temperature of 29°C, but most seedlings withered at 30 or 35°C. The optimal water temperatures for seed germination and seedling growth were related to the seasonal changes of water temperature in the sampling site. Although seedlings were hardly observed in Ago Bay in summer, Z. japonica might extend its distribution as far as where the summer water temperature is lower than 29°C.     

冬季大叶藻与幼参混养效果的模拟研究

在实验室条件下对冬季大叶藻Zosteramarina与刺参却ostichopttsjaponicas当年生幼苗的生态混养效果进行了研究,分析了大叶藻对养殖水体中氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐的控制作用以及大叶藻对幼参生长的集聚效果。试验设置大叶藻与幼参混养组、幼参单养组和大叶藻单养空白组,每组设5个重复。试验幼参为2010年培育的秋苗（体长2．90cm±0．04cm,体质量0．69g±0．02g）,试验总水体75L,幼参放养密度为1个／L,水温为（15±1）℃,盐度为31～32,光照强度为（271±14）lx,试验共进行30d。结果表明：大叶藻单养组氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐含量最高;幼参摄食大叶藻碎屑,对水体营养盐起到一定的控制作用,混养组各种营养盐含量居中;幼参单养组各种营养盐含量最低。试验期间,底质情况良好,水质对幼参的生长无影响;大叶藻可为幼参提供附着基,对幼参的集聚效果良好,超过80％的幼参栖息在大叶藻叶片上。     

黄河源区发草适生地植物群落特征及其土壤因子解释

本研究以黄河源区发草作为研究对象,通过生境地植物群落物种结构组成、多样性分布、土壤理化特性等调查,采用相关分析和RDA排序法分析了黄河源区玛沁县5个发草适生地植物群落多样性特征和土壤影响因子及其关系,以期揭示影响发草种群在复杂多样高寒沼泽异质生境中适应性的关键环境因子。结果表明：1）不同发草适生地植物群落结构、组成和多样性指标明显不同,菊科、禾本科、莎草科、毛茛科、龙胆科和玄参科物种为发草适生地常见物种;2）不同发草适生地之间在土壤氮（N）、磷（P）、碳（C）、有机质（SOM）、土壤水分含量（W）和pH上也具有显著差异;3）发草适生地植物群落中发草的盖度、株高、生物量和重要值与群落物种丰富度、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、P和W呈显著负相关,与Alatalo均匀度指数、pH值呈显著正相关。研究结果表明发草更加适应低P、湿润偏中生的土壤环境,而随着群落中物种丰富度的增加发草在群落中的重要值显著下降则说明发草具有部分的先锋种特性,显示了利用发草修复和治理退化草地的可能潜力。     

水分逆境对发草脯氨酸及其代谢途径的影响

本研究以发草为研究对象,通过盆栽模拟水分胁迫,研究干旱、水涝胁迫下发草地上部分及根系中脯氨酸（Pro）积累状况及其代谢途径中底物、中间产物和关键酶的变化。结果显示：1）干旱胁迫和水涝胁迫均使发草Pro含量显著升高（P<0.05）,相同的水分处理下发草地上部分及根系中Pro含量相差不大。2）干旱胁迫和水涝胁迫下,发草地上部分和根系中谷氨酸（Glu）含量均显著下降（P<0.05）,相同的水分处理下根系中Glu含量大于地上部分。水分胁迫使发草地上部分的鸟氨酸（Orn）含量显著下降（P<0.05）,而根系中Orn含量没有显著变化。同时,干旱胁迫和水涝胁迫下,发草地上部分和根系中Δ¹-吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶、鸟氨酸转氨酶（δ-OAT）、Δ¹-吡咯琳-5-羧酸还原酶的活性均显著增强（P<0.05）,且地上部分δ-OAT活性强于根系。另外,Δ¹-吡咯琳-5-羧酸脱氢酶和脯氨酸脱氢酶活性显著降低（P<0.05）。研究结果表明发草通过积累Pro缓解干旱和水涝胁迫,地上部分Pro的积累是Glu途径和Orn途径协同作用的结果,但根系中Pro的积累以Glu途径为主。     

Distribution,structure and function of Nordic eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystems: implications for coastal management and conservation

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刺参围堰养殖中大叶藻的生态功能

为阐明围堰池塘内海草——大叶藻的生态功能并为将其引入刺参池塘养殖提供理论基础,对大叶藻区和裸露砂质底质区的温度、溶氧进行了比较测定,对刺参及其食物组成的同位素进行了分析,并与邻近自然海域草场系统进行对比。结果显示,春夏季大叶藻区底部温度比裸露砂质底质区温度低约0~0.33°C;0~25%的低大叶藻盖度下,海草区和裸露底质区溶氧差异不显著,50%~100%的中高盖度下,海草区表层溶氧显著高于裸露底质区,高约0.12~0.62 mg/L,底层溶氧低于裸露底质区,约0~0.38 mg/L;春季末,该海草环境下的刺参δ13C和δ15N比值分别为–15.27‰和8.11‰,具有与相邻自然草场系统中刺参明显不同的同位素特征值(–20.12‰和10.95‰)。混合模型的分析表明,其食物组成中来自大叶藻的贡献约为13%~52%,高于底栖硅藻(4%~49%)、悬浮颗粒有机物POM(23%~39%)以及附着生物(0~22%)。而邻近的自然草场中,来自POM和褐藻海蒿子的食物贡献最大,0.95置信水平下的置信区间(CI)分别为24%~54%和1%~53%,而海草丛生大叶藻的贡献为0~27%。本研究表明,大叶藻可以在一定程度上降低夏季池塘底部水温,增加水体溶氧,同时为刺参提供重要的食物来源,这在池塘组成相对简单的环境下是尤为重要的。     

The structural and histochemical analyses and chemical characters of the cuticle and epidermal walls of cotyledon in ungerminated seeds of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis> L.

How Zostera marina L. adapts to environmental stresses is of major interest to researchers wanting to obtain a better understanding of how to preserve this ecologically important seagrass. We have examined the structure and chemical properties of the cuticle and epidermal walls of Z. marina cotyledons at the pre-germination stage by microscopy, histochemistry, and chemical analyses. The epidermal cells, which have a smooth plasma membrane and slight wall-ingrowth, are surrounded by thickened outer tangential walls consisting of cellulose and pectic substances. The thick cuticle layer covers the outer surface of the outer tangential walls; the former were observed here to be much thicker than has been reported earlier for the leaves and sheaths of Z. marina. Chemical analysis of the isolated cuticle by attenuated total reflectance–infrared Fourier transform spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detected C₁₆ and C₁₈ fatty acids, ω-hydroxy fatty acids and β-sitosterol as components of the wax and cutin. The outermost cuticle layer was also observed to be covered with a slimy layer consisting of some polysaccharides. These results suggest that the extremely thick cuticle and slimy layer could play a significant role in protecting the cotyledons from environmental stresses at the pre-emergence stage and just after emergence.