2017年中国部分地区白斑综合征病毒高变异区的序列分析

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)自暴发以来给全球范围内的对虾养殖产业带来了巨大的损失。为了解我国凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖区WSSV的流行变异情况,选取2017年中国部分地区的42个WSSV阳性样本,对ORF14/15、ORF23/24、ORF75、ORF94和ORF125共5个可变区进行PCR特异性扩增,分析其序列的缺失变异和重复单元(Ru)中单核苷酸多态性的变化。研究结果显示,在ORF14/15的扩增中共出现4种缺失片段; ORF23/24只出现11 945 bp的缺失片段; ORF75扩增中,总RUs数目为3、4、9,其中45 bp的RUs在12、27、80位点发生多核苷酸多态性; ORF94的RUs数目为6,其各重复单元在48位发生单核苷酸多态性; ORF125的RUs数目为4、6、7不等,其各重复单元分别在20、27、50、53、61位发生碱基突变。研究结果表明,2017年样本中,WSSV在中国大部分地区均出现一定程度的缺失变异,其中部分可变区表现出缺失情况的稳定性,某些可变区的重复单元数目及SNP表现出地区的差异性以及不稳定性。     

Protection of Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) against the white spot syndrome virus using specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins by oral delivery

Two kinds of specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs), IgY‐WSSV and IgY‐VP28, were, respectively, raised against the 2 mM binary ethylenimine (BEI)‐inactivated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and a principal envelope protein VP28. The activity of purified specific IgYs was stable under the conditions of 20–70 °C, pH 3.0–10.0 and 0–700 g L^?1 sucrose solution. In the neutralization assay, these high‐affinity IgY antibodies can specifically bind with the virus particles to protect shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) against WSSV infection. After oral delivery for 20 days, the IgY‐WSSV exerted a higher protection effect (RPS: 71.5%) than IgY‐VP28 (RPS: 63.7%). Moreover, an increase in RPS (79.2%) was found on addition of IgY‐WSSV:VP28 (0.1% IgY‐VP28 plus 0.2% IgY‐WSSV). This may indicate that neutralization of WSSV refers to the multiple‐hit model. By time‐course study of the levels of the specific IgYs in vivo, the data showed that the titre was enhanced to a relatively high level (P/N=8.35±0.45) at 3 days post administration, declined slightly (P/N=7.13±1.01) at 7 days post administration and then remained stable for further investigation. The stable antibody level potentially contributes towards blocking a large number of WSSV particles from entering and infecting on the major tissues at the early and late stages after challenge in shrimp.     

Comparison of defence ability against the white spot syndrome virus between Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Marsupenaeus japonicus

The defence ability of Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Marsupenaeus japonicus against the intrusion of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was compared after injecting WSSV intramuscularly by recording cumulative mortality, diagnosing the virus and examining variations in immunological parameters including the total haemocyte counts (THCs), phagocytic percentage (PP), plasma protein concentration (PPC), phenoloxidase (PO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The results showed that the variations in the immunological parameters of F. chinensis and M. japonicus showed similar trends. The THCs of the two species decreased significantly postchallenge of WSSV. The virus was detected at 78 h in M. japonicus and at 42 h in F. chinensis after infection, which was in correlation with the accumulative mortality, and the variations in PO, PP, NOS and PPC in the two species. All shrimps of F. chinensis in the mortality experiment died within 66 h, much more quickly than M. japonicus, whose cumulative mortality reached 100% after 198 h. In conclusion, the immune system of M. japonicus has a stronger resistant ability to antagonize and endure the invasion of WSSV than that of F. chinensis.     

斑节对虾白斑综合症病毒部分基因组文库及核酸探针检测法

通过分离纯化白斑综合症病毒（ＷＳＳＶ）粒子，抽提病毒ＤＮＡ。用限制性内切酶ＥｃｏＲⅠ或ＳａｌⅠ酶切后，克隆入质粒ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡＫＳ中，从而建立了ＷＳＳＶ部分基因组文库。估计ＷＳＳＶ基因组ＤＮＡ在１６５ｋｂ以上。将ＷＳＳＶ ＥｃｏＲⅠ克隆片段标记制备为探针。进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、打点杂交和原位杂交，其结果证明了克隆片段对ＷＳＳＶ特异，并为检测ＷＳＳＶ提供了方法。通过对部分基因组文库序列     

中国对虾杂交优势对自然感染白斑综合征病毒的抗病力分析

中国对虾杂交优势对自然感染白斑综合征病毒的抗病力分析=Analysis of the resistance of heterosis in Fenneropenaeus chinensis to natural infection with white spot syndrome virus ［刊，中］/李素红（中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所，青岛 266071)，张天时，孟宪红，孔杰//水产学报，—2007，31(1).-68～75 一个包括42个全同胞家系的中国对虾选育群体，荧光标记后每个家系各取40尾健康个体混养，自然发病并确认感染白斑综合征病毒(white spot-syndrome virus，WSSV)。发病1周后将所有个体取出，统计各家系的存活率，并对活体利用巢式聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction，PCR)进行WSSV检测。对存活率进行分析，结果显示：4个家系的存活率在60％以上，7个家系的存活率在20％以下；存活率与第一次扩增阳性率、第二次扩增阳性率呈不显著负相关。第一次扩增阳性率与第二次扩增阳性率呈极显著正相关。结合两次扩增的阳性率分析得出：青岛野生群体内自交产生的一个家系和韩国群体养殖家系与乳山野生群体杂交产生的一个家系在抗病力上显著优于其它家系；经独立样本t检验表明，群体间交配组合的存活率差异不显著，因此家系选育可能是进行抗WSSV品种选育的重要途径。多重比较结果发现：韩国群体养殖家系(♂)与乳山野生群体(♀)杂交后代的存活率(56.20%±8.75%) 显著高于韩国群体养殖家系自交后代(22.50%±2.50%) (P<0.05)，说明该杂交后代在抗WSSV方面有一定程度的杂种优势。而韩国群体养殖家系 (♂)和乳山野生群体(♀)的杂交后代所表现的杂种优势(26.95)与其反交后代(3.85)差异显著。图3表5参15 关键词：中国对虾； 巢式PCR； 白斑综合征病毒 E-mail:kongjie@sina.com     

Probiotic microorganisms and antiviral plants reduce mortality and prevalence of WSSV in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured under laboratory conditions

The protective effect of a probiotic mixture (PM) and antiviral plants, against the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Litopenaeus vannamei , was evaluated in three experiments. The PM was composed of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and one yeast strain. The plant mixture was composed of Ocimum sanctum and commercial antiviral plants (VPH^®, HSV^®). Shrimp in each experiment (weighing 2.7±0.7, 11.5±1.3, 11.70±2.5 g) were cultured in 120-L plastic tanks and fed twice a day with commercial feed plus additives (plants or bacteria and yeast). Animals were monitored for the occurrence of WSSV by single-step and nested PCR. The PM and powdered antiviral plants added to the commercial feed showed an increase in survival and a decrease in the prevalence of WSSV in shrimp. The results showed that both the PM and the powdered antiviral plants can provide protection for shrimp against WSSV.     

用核酸探针技术检测脊尾白虾体内的白斑综合症病毒

用斑点杂交和原位杂交检测了从病虾池捕获的脊尾白虾体内的WSSV。8尾脊尾白虾的斑点杂交检测阳性率为100%;脊尾白虾胃的上皮组织和结缔组织、位于鳃区头胸甲处的角化上皮、头胞甲反缘与虾体相连的角化上皮、结缔组织、附肢外的角化上皮、鳃丝的柱状上皮及其腔隙内的血淋巴、肝胰腺小管间的上皮组织及其血窦内的血淋巴、头胸甲的肌肉、造血组织、脊尾白虾精荚之结缔组织细胞、卵巢的结缔组织及其滤泡细胞原位杂交呈阳性。以上结果进一步证实了脊尾白虾是WSSV的天然宿主。     

不同温度下哈维氏弧菌和白斑综合症病毒对凡纳滨对虾的致病性

在不同温度[(19±1)、(25±1)、(31±1)℃]条件下,研究了不同浓度哈维氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi和白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei(体长8.12 cm±0.83 cm)的致病性。结果表明:温度为(19±1)℃时,整个试验过程中对虾死亡率均低于8.9%,各组病毒携带量低于3.9×104copy/g;温度为(25±1)℃时,病毒单独感染组对虾的死亡率和病毒携带量(最大值71.1%,1.9×105copy/g)和高浓度继发感染组的死亡率和病毒携带量(最大值77.8%,3.2×106copy/g)从试验中期开始明显高于其他组,死亡加快,病毒携带量迅速增加,单独感染细菌组死亡率随感染浓度的升高而升高(最大值为21.1%);温度为(31±1)℃时,病毒单独感染组的死亡率和病毒携带量(最大值47.8%,2.2×104copy/g)从试验中期开始明显低于继发感染组(最大值80.0%,6.1×106copy/g),单独感染细菌组的累积死亡率随细菌浓度的升高而升高(最大值24.4%)。研究表明,温度对WSSV和哈维氏弧菌的致病力影响显著,继发感染和细菌单独感染随温度的升高致病力升高,高温和低温对WSSV的致病力有抑制作用。     

中国明对虾抗白斑综合症病毒分子标记的筛选

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对经过连续4代选育的抗白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)(174)及未经选育的与174来源相同的中国明对虾野生群体(HB)进行分析,以期筛选出与抗病性状相关的分子遗传标记,为进一步的基因定位以及中国对虾的种质资源保护和分子标记辅助育种提供有力的技术支撑和理论依据。共进行220个RAPI)单引物和114对双引物的检测,产生标记数目共计2439个。依据标记在群体中出现的频率和变化规律,共筛选出5个可能与抗病相关的特异性标记,对这些特异性标记进行测序并将测序结果进行BLAST分析,发现测得片段的序列与数据库中序列的相似性较低,未能找到与所测序列同源性较高的功能基因。这与利用AFIP技术分析的结果一致。由于选育过程施加人工选择,推论这些特异性标记虽不是抗WSSV分子标记,但可能与抗病性状密切相关。     

Optimization of experimental infection protocols for the estimation of genetic parameters of resistance to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei

Two infection protocols, individual oral (IO) and waterborne infection (WB), were evaluated to challenge Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). Five different batches of full and half-sib families were infected experimentally and tested for growth performance under commercial growth conditions. The genetic variance for WSSV resistance was estimated using a linear sire-dam repeatability model that considers test-day survival as the dependent variable. The heritability estimates using the IO protocol ranged from 0.01 ± 0.00 to 0.02 ± 0.01, whereas the heritability estimates using the WB infection protocol were not significantly different from zero. The genetic correlations measured as the product moment correlation between full-sib family breeding values for resistance to WSSV and harvest body weight in ponds were unfavourable in three of the five batches and favourable in one of them. The dosage of WSSV was better controlled with IO oral infection than with other methods, with all animals being exposed to approximately the same risk of infection at the same time. This should improve the accuracy of the genetic parameters and hence improve the accuracy of the breeding values. It should, however, be noted that once the outbreak was established and the mortalities began, the shape and the magnitude of the slope of the mortality curves showed little difference in the infection pattern between batches irrespective of the dosage and infection protocol, and in most of the cases the cumulative mortality was greater than 80%. The main reason for this is probably the high densities of animals in the tanks needed for the genetic evaluations.