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1.

Background

There are only a few studies reporting the role of nitric oxide metabolites for controlling macrophage intracellular parasitism, and these are controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lymph nodes and spleen of dogs affected by visceral leishmaniasis through immunohistochemistry and to determine its correlation with tissue parasite burden and serum interferon (IFN)-γ levels. Twenty-eight dogs were selected and assigned to one of two groups, symptomatic (n = 18) and asymptomatic (n = 10), according to clinical status and laboratory evaluation. A negative control group (n = 6) from a non-endemic region for visceral leishmaniasis was included as well.

Results

Parasite density (amastigotes/mm2) was similar between clinical groups in the lymph nodes (P = 0.2401) and spleen (P = 0.8869). The density of iNOS+ cells was higher in infected dogs compared to controls (P < 0.05), without a significant difference in lymph node (P = 0.3257) and spleen (P = 0.5940) densities between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. A positive correlation was found between the number of iNOS+ cells in lymph nodes and interferon-γ levels (r = 0.3776; P = 0.0303), and there was a negative correlation between parasites and iNOS+ cell densities both in lymph nodes (r = −0.5341; P = 0.0034) and spleen (r = −0.4669; P = 0.0329).

Conclusion

The negative correlation observed between tissue parasitism and the expression of iNOS may be a reflection of NO acting on the control of parasites.  相似文献   
2.
红车轴草总黄酮对小鼠免疫功能的影响   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
[目的]研究红车轴草总黄酮对小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]设计迟发变态反应试验、炭粒廓清试验、脏器指数试验,每个试验均用40只小鼠,随机分成4组,设对照组与高、中、低剂量3个试验组。3个试验组分别给予85 mg/(kg·d)(高剂量组),53 mg/(kg·d)(中剂量组),22 mg/(kg·d)(低剂量组)红车轴草总黄酮灌胃,对照组以吐温-盐水液灌胃。[结果]3个试验组48 h足跖增厚与对照组均有增加,以中剂量试验组增加显著(P〈0.05);中剂量组与低剂量组的吞噬指数较对照组有显著增高(P〈0.05);脏器指数试验结果表明,试验组与对照组均有增加,但没有显著的统计学意义。[结论]试验全面评价了红车轴草总黄酮的各种生理药理功能及其对免疫功能的影响,为其开发应用提供了可靠的参考资料。  相似文献   
3.
采用CB—HRP跨神经节追踪技术,我们发现鸡躯体和内脏的初级传入投射在脊髓质的一些板层和延髓的一些核团内有重叠区。1腓肠肌外头与卵巢的初级传入在T6~L3及S3~S5脊髓节段的I、Ⅴ层有明显的投射重叠区;与睾丸的初级传入在T6~L2及S3~S5髓节的I、Ⅴ层有明显的投射重叠;与泄殖腔的初级传入在T7~L2及S3~S5髓节的I、Ⅴ层亦有明显的重叠投射。2跗部皮肤与泄殖腔的在L2及S3髓节的I、Ⅳ层,与卵巢的在L2~L3髓节的I、Ⅳ层,与睾丸的在L3及S3髓节的I、Ⅳ层均有轻度的投射重叠区。3挠神经与腺胃及胸腺的在延髓的楔束外核和弧束核的内侧亚核有重叠投射区,4挠神经与卵巢、睾丸的在孤束核的内侧亚核有重叠;推测鸡的躯体和内脏的初级传入在这些区域可能有汇聚。  相似文献   
4.
The control of canine leishmaniasis largely depends on the success of treatment. Drugs currently available to treat this disease are toxic and partially effective. The curative effect of marbofloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone developed for veterinarian individual treatment, was evaluated in vitro in the presence of Leishmania infantum promastigotes and dog-monocyte-derived macrophages; meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate were used as comparative treatments. We observed that the killing of Leishmania promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes by marbofloxacin was dose-dependent. We demonstrated that successful treatment of canine infected macrophages for 48 h was possible with 500 microg/ml of marbofloxacin. Leishmanicidal activity acted through a TNF-alpha and nitric oxide pathway and correlated with the generation of nitric oxide (NO(2)) production by monocytes derived macrophages from infected (23+/-5 microM) or healthy (21+/-6 microM) dogs, in comparison with NO(2) concentration in infected/non-treated macrophages (< 3 microM, P<0.01). This significant induced parasiticidal effect correlated with extensive elimination of amastigotes by macrophages derived from infected (11+/-5) and healthy dogs (6+/-2), when compared to infected/non-treated macrophages (530+/-105 and 472+/-86 amastigotes, respectively, P< 0.01). Marbofloxacin was shown to be non-toxic at 500 microg/ml in vitro and no cell apoptosis was observed. The molecule was able to induce a parasitic process after significant elimination of amastigotes in leishmania-infected dog macrophages. We propose that marbofloxacin, compared to standard chemotherapeutic agents (meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate), could be an effective and pragmatic oral route alternative to treat canine leishmaniasis.  相似文献   
5.
PD-1 is a negative costimulator of chronic infectious diseases In this study, we investigated the expression of PD-1 and its ligands in the spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and lymphoproliferative response to soluble antigen, in lymph node cells in the presence or absence of antibodies blocking PD-1 and its ligands. Our results showed expression of PD-1 and its ligands is higher after L. infantum infection and in the spleen of infected dogs, PD-1 blockage was able to restore the antigen-dependent lymphoproliferative response and regulated production of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 and NO production. We concluded that L. infantum infection modulates PD-1 and its ligands expression in canine VL and that blockage of PD-1 restores the immune response. Thus, blockage of PD-1 is a target for therapeutic drug development.  相似文献   
6.
The zoonotic roundworms Toxocara canis and T. cati are not only present worldwide in their definitive hosts; they also frequently occur in other animal species, including humans. In those so-called paratenic hosts, the larvae do not develop into the adult stage, but rather migrate throughout the somatic tissue and persist as infectious L3 stage for extensive periods. Those arrested larvae may lead to severe inflammatory reactions and consequently to a wide range of pathological and clinical manifestations. However, the infected paratenic hosts also constitute a potential source of infection for the definitive hosts or humans who may also function as paratenic hosts. In the present review, current knowledge of larval migration in a variety of possible paratenic hosts is summarized including variations of migration routes and susceptibilities. Furthermore, information about the clinical and pathological changes for the presented species and possible consequences of the somatic migration of larvae, i.e. the resulting tissue damage as well as adverse host reactions to arrested larvae are reviewed. There are still many questions unanswered regarding larval behaviour in hosts other than their definitive host. Therefore, it is of great importance to continue further elaboration on the biology of Toxocara spp. to prevent further spreading of larvae in both the paratenic and the definitive host.  相似文献   
7.
In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs (approximately 25 kg) were assigned to either barren or straw housing and to native or pregelatinized potato starch included in the diet (35%) to investigate effects on intestinal weight and gastric lesions. Pigs were fed restrictedly (2.5 × MEm) for 5 weeks. At slaughter, weights of empty small intestine and stomach were determined. Stomachs were inspected for incidence of lesions in the pars oesophagea. No starch type × housing interactions were found. In pigs fed pregelatinized starch, weight of the small intestine (26.8 ± 0.4 g/kg BW) and stomach (7.6 ± 0.1 g/kg BW) were higher than in pigs fed native starch (24.9 ± 0.4; 7.1 ± 0.1 g/kg BW, respectively; P < 0.01). Straw bedding increased empty stomach weight (7.9 ± 0.1 vs. 6.8 ± 0.1 g/kg BW; P < 0.001), but not small intestine weight. Starch type did not affect stomach scores, but straw bedding reduced the incidence of gastric lesions to a very low level (scores 0.5 and 3.0 for straw and barren housing, P < 0.001). In conclusion, straw bedding reduced gastric lesions, reflecting either reduced environmental stress or a positive effect of physical stimulation. Pregelatinization of starch increased the empty weight of the proximal GI tract, possibly reflecting increased nutrient uptake.  相似文献   
8.
高钙,低磷饲料致鸡痛风的病理学研究   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8  
用200只21日龄海赛克斯×罗斯杂交商品代鸡,按钙、磷2×2因子设计进行高钙、低磷饲料人工诱发痛风试验。采用病理形态学及血液生化测定方法进行了十三周的试验观察。结果表明,高钙低磷、高钙正磷饲料能引起鸡痛风。尿酸盐沉积形式有内脏性尿酸盐沉积和尿石症。高钙起主导作用,低磷可以促进其发生。痛风发生的原发性损伤部位及病变最严重的器官是肾脏。饲料高钙导致的高钙血症、低磷血症及代谢性碱中毒,通过改变尿液环境而引起尿石症的发生。高钙所致的肾小管原发性损伤和继发于尿石症的损害共同导致鸡肾功能衰竭,而形成高尿酸血症,并出现内脏性尿酸盐沉积。  相似文献   
9.
康景  封洋 《中国畜牧杂志》2020,(1):86-89,94
本研究旨在探讨獭兔母体埋植褪黑激素(MT)对RORα基因在子一代獭兔内脏组织中的表达及影响,选择110只相近月龄的健康母獭兔同日配种,第5日后选出已确定妊娠的母兔76只,随机平均分为2组,对照组母兔不做处理,试验组母兔埋植10 mg MT。在仔兔出生第1天时每组选15只宰杀,取皮肤、肌肉、肺脏、心脏、肝脏、肾脏及十二指肠组织样品,测定仔兔组织样品中RORα基因的表达量,结果表明:RORα基因在子一代獭兔各组织中的表达量与表达模式均不同,该基因在子一代獭兔皮肤组织中的表达水平极显著上调,在肌肉、肺脏组织中显著上调,在肝脏组织中极显著下调,在心脏、肾脏组织中显著下调,在十二指肠中的表达与对照组相比无显著变化。  相似文献   
10.
Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in countries of South and Central America are caused by Leishmania infantum and has been endemic in Brazil for several years. The parasite biodiversity as well as the pharmacologic properties of drugs and the host species, are involved in the efficacy or inefficacy of leishmaniasis treatments. Although there are substantial number of reports describing the genetic characterization of the clinical field isolates of L. infantum,the phenotypic parameters have been less studied. In this study isolates from human and canine leishmaniasis (Hum1 and Can1) obtained in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil were identified as L. infantum. The Hum1 and Can1 isolates exhibited typical promastigote growth pattern. Regarding morphological features Can1 isolate differed in cell size. The infectivity in vitro of both isolatesis lower compared to the reference strain of L. infantum. Moreover, the in vivo infectivity of the three parasites is similar in Balb/c mice. The Hum1 isolate is more sensitive to leishmanial drugs (amphotericin B, miltefosine and glucantime) than the Can1 isolate when inside human macrophages, but not when inside canine macrophages. These findings indicated that L. infantum isolates differs in some phenotypic characteristics.  相似文献   
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