超高压对腌鱼保藏的影响

以淡腌海鳗为对象,采用200、400、600 MPa处理15 min,通过挥发性盐基氮、三甲胺、总活菌数、硫代巴比妥酸值和pH值等在保藏过程的变化考察超高压对腌鱼保藏的影响.结果表明,600 MPa处理可以极大地抑制微生物生长和脂肪氧化,降低挥发性盐基氮、三甲胺.说明超高压是一种较好的适合腌鱼保藏的冷杀菌技术.     

人造板制品中三甲胺的检测方法研究

建立人造板中三甲胺的顶空气质联用检测方法,样品经盐酸溶液提取后,在氢氧化钠溶液作用下转化为三甲胺,顶空进样检测,SIM模式外标法定量。结果显示:三甲胺在质量浓度范围0.1~5mg/kg呈良好的线性关系(R^2=0.9994),样品加标的平均回收率为94.5%~101.2%,相对标准偏差为2.11%(n=6)。该法具有较高的精密度,回收率和重现性良好,适用于人造板制品中三甲胺的测定。     

Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in trimethylamine N-oxide-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

AIM: To investigate whether endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-mediated oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: The cell viability was examined by CCK-8 assay. The cells were stained by DCFH-DA, and the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed by phase-contrast microscopy and detected by flow cytometric analysis. The protein levels of phospho-IRE-1α, IRE-1α and GRP78/BiP were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: TMAO exerted no significant effect on the viability of HUVECs. For a long period (>24 h), even a low concentration (10 μmol/L) of TMAO increased the oxidative stress level in the HUVECs (P<0.05). TMAO increased the phosphorylation level of IRE-1α and significantly up-regulated the protein level of GRP78/BiP in HUVECs (P<0.01). Pretreatment with STF-083010, an inhibitor of IRE1α, for 1 h reduced TMAO-induced oxidative stress in HUVECs (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in TMAO-induced oxidative stress in HUVECs.     

TMAO aggravates heart failure by promoting T-tubule remodeling in adult mouse cardiomyocytes

AIM To investigate the role of trimethylamine N-oxide （TMAO） in T-tubule in cultured adult mouse cardiomyocytes. METHODS T-tubule imaging was used to detect T-tubule network in cardiomyocytes. Ca²⁺ handling dysfunction was identified by confocal Ca²⁺ imaging. Tubulin densification and polymerization in the cardiomyocytes were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Echocardiography was used to detect cardiac function in the mice fed on TMAO and chow diet. RESULTS Compared with control group, the T-tubule density and T-tubule power of the mouse cardiomyocytes cultured with TMAO were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the mean amplitude of Ca²⁺ transients in TMAO group was decreased (P<0.01), while the time to reach the Ca²⁺ transient peak and the dyssynchrony index increased (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the power of junctophilin-2 (JPH2） in the mouse cardiomyocytes treated with TMAO was decreased (P<0.01). Significant JPH2 accumulation was observed at the edge of the cardiomyocytes (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the microtubule density in TMAO group was significantly higher (P<0.01), and microtubule aggregation was enhanced (P<0.01). Compared with the mice in control group fed on a normal diet, the TMAO-fed mice had significantly lower systolic function and left ventricular ejection fraction (P<0.05). CONCLUSION TMAO impairs cardiac function via the promotion of tubulin polymerization, subsequent JPH2 translocation and T-tubule remodeling, which provides a novel mechanism for the relationship between heart failure and elevated TMAO.     

An Intermediate Moisture Product from Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Using Salt Curing,Fermentation, and Drying

Intermediate moisture products were prepared from mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using salt curing in 20% or saturated brine for 20 hr and fermentation with an inoculum level of l0⁸ cells/mL of Pediococcus acidilactici followed by sun drying (28- 33C) for 23 hr or drying in an electric oven (45-50C) for 14 hr to an 18% moisture level. The chemical and microbiological studies correlated with the organoleptic results, suggesting a shelf-life of 4 months for salted and dried products and 7 months for salted, fermented, and dried products.     

Surface/atmosphere exchange and chemical interactions of reactive nitrogen compounds above a manured grassland

Manure application to managed grassland is a common agricultural practice. There are, however, limited studies looking at the fluxes and interactions of reactive N compounds and aerosols following fertilisation with manure. In this study, state-of-the-art chemical analysers (GRAEGOR, QCLAS, PTRMS) were used to investigate concentrations, fluxes and chemical interactions of reactive nitrogen containing trace gases (NH₃, HNO₃, HONO) and aerosols (NO₃⁻) above a grassland fertilised with 164 kg N ha⁻¹ of cattle slurry. Emissions of NH₃ peaked at >67 μg m⁻² s⁻¹, based on a 30 min average. The estimated overall loss of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) from the applied slurry through NH₃ emissions in the first 5 days was 33.5%. The average trimethylamine flux in the first 31 h following the first slurry application was 40 ng m⁻² s⁻¹ and amounted to 0.38% of the NH₃-N emissions. Apparent nitrate aerosol emissions were observed following the slurry application peaking at 13.0 ng m⁻² s⁻¹. This suggests formation of NH₄NO₃ from reaction of the emitted NH₃ with atmospheric HNO₃, consistent with the observation of gaseous concentration products exceeding the dissociation constants of ammonium nitrate. Fluxes of total nitrate (HNO₃ + NO₃⁻) were bi-directional and positive during the mid-day period after fertilisation, suggesting that the slurry acted as a net source for these compounds. There is evidence of small HONO emission following fertilisation (up to 1 ng m⁻² s⁻¹), although the production process is currently not identified. By contrast, all compounds showed deposition to the adjacent unfertilised grassland.     

Serum trimethylamine-N-oxide and gut microbiome alterations are associated with cholesterol deposition in the liver of laying hens fed with rapeseed meal

Sinapine derived from cruciferous plants could be converted into trimethylamine by intestinal microbiota. Its metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), is closely linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and fat deposition in mammals. Hens fed with rapeseed meal (RSM) suffered from fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS). This study was conducted to investigate whether RSM-induced fatty liver is due to TMAO via altering microbiota composition and diversity. At 33 weeks of age, 600 laying hens were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups, namely control and 14% RSM treatment groups (DY5, with 16.2% erucic acid [EA] and 74.66% glucosinolate [Gl] contents; MB1, with 3.50% EA and 43.23% Gl contents; DY6, with 6.7% EA and 22.67% Gl contents; XH3, with 44.60% EA and 132.83% Gl contents) for 8 weeks. Results revealed that 3 hens died due to liver hemorrhage after ingesting 14% RSM diet. The 14% RSM decreased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) content (P < 0.01) while tended to increase serum TMAO content compared to the control group (P = 0.08). The 14% RSM diet increased red oil O optical density (P < 0.01), and increased total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C content in the liver (P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). The 14% RSM decreased liver total bile acid (TBA) content compared to the control (P < 0.01). The DY6 had a higher TBA content in the liver than the XH3 (P < 0.01). The 14% RSM decreased mRNA abundance of liver X receptors alpha (LXR-α, P = 0.01), and increased mRNA abundance of sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2, P = 0.04). Results revealed that the in-feed RSM could alter richness and diversity of cecal microbiota compared to the control (P < 0.05). Liver TC content and serum TMAO showed a negative relationship with Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria (P = 0.04). In conclusion, 14% RSM increased liver TC and induced high liver score of FLHS, which was possibly associated with the altered cecal microbiota composition, increased serum TMAO levels and LXR-α and SREBP-2 expressions.     

没食子酸和三甲胺N-氧化物对体外瘤胃发酵和三甲胺代谢的影响

试验旨在研究没食子酸(GA)和三甲胺N-氧化物(TMAO)对体外瘤胃发酵和三甲胺(TMA)代谢的影响.通过瘤胃体外模拟试验分析瘤胃底物消失率、总产气量、发酵参数和TMA代谢情况,设置对照组、15 mg GA/g DM组、5 mg TMAO/g DM组、5 mg TMAO+15 mg GA/g DM组,每组4个重复,培养...     

氯化胆碱中三甲胺超标对断奶仔猪采食量的影响

在断奶仔猪日粮中添加三甲胺盐酸盐,探讨氯化胆碱中三甲胺超标对断奶仔猪采食量的影响。试验分为两组,对照日粮和试验日粮的氯化胆碱中三甲胺含量分别为220 mg/kg和22 g/kg,同时进行组内比较和组间比较2个试验。组间比较试验采用断奶后5～9 d的杜×(大.长)三元杂交仔猪90头,随机分为对照组及试验组,每组5个重复,每重复9头猪,每栏一个料槽,饲喂对照日粮或试验日粮,试验期8 d。试验结果表明,试验组平均日采食量明显低于对照组(291 g/头vs 382 g/头),其中第0～3天的日采食量差异显著(213 g/头vs 313 g/头,P<0.05)。组内比较试验采用断奶后4～13 d的杜×(大.长)三元杂交仔猪24头,随机分为6组,每组4头猪,每栏设两个料槽,同时饲喂对照日粮和试验日粮,试验期10 d。试验结果表明,仔猪对高三甲胺日粮的采食量明显低于对照日粮,在试验第5～10天和整个试验期日采食量均存在显著差异(202 g/头vs 305 g/头;179 g/头vs 287 g/头,P<0.05)。说明氯化胆碱中三甲胺严重超标对仔猪的采食量会产生不良影响。     

顶空-气相色谱法测定动物源制品中三甲胺含量的测量不确定度评定

[目的]分析顶空-气相色谱法(HS-GC)测定动物源制品中三甲胺含量的测量不确定度来源并定量。[方法]建立(HS-GC)测定动物源制品中三甲胺含量的测量不确定度评定的数学模型,从测定程序各步骤评定不确定度的各项来源,对该方法所得结果的已识别来源的不确定度影响进行评价。[结果]该方法测定动物源制品中三甲胺含量的不确定度主要来源于三甲胺盐酸盐标准溶液及样品处理过程。当动物源制品中三甲胺含量为9.20 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.56 mg/kg(K=2,P=95%)。[结论]该评定方法在实际工作中对提高三甲胺检测数据的可靠性与准确性具有一定指导意义。