鲟鱼鱼糜漂洗工艺优化及其对品质的影响

本研究以鲟鱼(Acipenser sinensis)肉为原料，通过正交实验对鲟鱼鱼糜的漂洗工艺进行了优化，对鱼糜漂洗前后的蛋白质含量及其组成、水分分布、凝胶性能等进行了研究。结果显示，鲟鱼鱼糜的最佳漂洗工艺为：水漂洗1次，盐水漂洗1次，盐的质量分数为0.25%，漂洗时间为1 min。鲟鱼鱼糜经漂洗后，其盐溶性蛋白比例显著升高(P<0.01)；鱼糜中的水分受到的束缚力增加，自由度减小，形成了更为致密的凝胶网状结构；破断力、凹陷距离、凝胶强度、持水力、白度等表征凝胶性能和鱼糜品质的指标明显提升。研究表明，采用恰当的漂洗工艺可显著提高鲟鱼鱼糜的品质。     

鲟鱼病毒性疾病研究进展(英文)

鲟鱼是一种有着较高经济及科研价值的稀有、大型鱼类。但近年来,一些爆发在养殖鲟鱼苗中的危害较大的流行性疾病,给鲟鱼养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失。本文回顾了四种鲟鱼病毒性疾病的研究历史:高首鲟虹彩病毒(WSIV),高首鲟疱疹病毒——Ⅰ,Ⅱ(WSHV-1,2)和铲鲟虹彩病毒(SSIV)。对这四种病毒的临床症状、疾病的诊断方法、病原分离的方法以及该病的预防、治疗等研究进展进行概述。通过细致的论证和分析,我们认为分子生物学技术将成为鲟鱼病毒性疾病诊断的潜在方法。参27。     

Production of Biscuit from Chinese Sturgeon Fish Fillet Powder (Acipeneser sinensis): A Snack Food for Children

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition in children is a current global burden. A common snack for children is biscuits prepared from cereals. However, these types of biscuits have low protein content. Therefore, producing healthier biscuits enriched with essential amino acids (EAAs) and other micronutrients is of great interest to researchers and manufacturers. In this study, biscuits produced from low gluten wheat flour fortified with sturgeon fillet powder (SFP) in various mixing ratios (100:0, 95:5, 93:7, and 90:10, respectively) were investigated. The results revealed that the nutritional and proximate composition of biscuits were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved: moisture (6.77 ± 0.06–7.65 ± 0.06), protein (13.23 ± 0.35–17.12 ± 0.02), fat (15.57 ± 0.18–15.85 ± 0.25), ash (0.84 ± 0.07–0.92 ± 0.06), spread ratio (14.0 ± 0.92–14.33 ± 0.21), and hardness (2,057.90 ± 28.33–3,089.02 ± 51.53). Total amino acids were 6.91, 9.34, 10.32, and 10.58; and EAAs were 2.43, 3.97, 4.48, and 4.22 g/100 g for 0%, 5%, 7%, and 10% SFP, respectively. Leucine was the major amino acid with 5% and 10% SFP, while methionine was the major amino acid with 7% SFP. Fungal counts were not observed, and quality indices were below the maximum acceptable limits in the products. Biscuits supplemented with 7% SFP showed the highest sensory evaluation score. Overall, the inclusion of 7% SFP could produce protein enriched cereal-based fortified biscuits with acceptable sensory and quality attributes and ultimately could insure effective fish utilization and solve malnutrition problems.     

三种鲟鱼血清及组织中磷酸酶和补体活性的比较

对施氏鲟、小体鲟和西伯利亚鲟的血清、肝脏、鳃及肠中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、补体C3及补体C4活性进行了测定和比较.AKP活性在小体鲟鳃和肠中显著高于施氏鲟和西比伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而其在三种鲟鱼的肝脏和血清中差异不显著(P＞0.05);ACP活性在小体鲟肠中显著高于施氏鲟和西比伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而其在三种鲟鱼的肝脏、鳃和血清中差异不显著(P＞0.05);补体C3活性在小体鲟肝脏和肠中显著高于施氏鲟和西比伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而其在三种鲟鱼的鳃和血清中差异不显著(P＞0.05);小体鲟血清中补体C4活性显著高于施氏鲟和西伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而补体C4活性在三种鲟鱼的肝脏、鳃及肠中差异不显著(P＞0.05).由此可见,虽然三种同为鲟科鲟属鱼类,但它们之间的AKP、ACP、补体C3及补体C4活性存在着种间差异.     

In vitro steroidogenesis by gonads of the Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt

Ovaries and testes from the Russian sturgeon at different stages of sexual maturity were incubated with ;sup3;H-androstenedione or ³H-pregnenolone. The major metabolites of androstenedione in both sexes were testosterone and 5- and 5ß-androstanediols, but no evidence was found for the gonadal production of 11-oxygenated androgens. Pregnenolone was converted to 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone together with reduced metabolites. 11-Oxygenated androgens were found in female serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in serum of both sexes by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and was detectable by RIA in interrenal but not gonadal tissue. The results suggest that sturgeon may differ from teleosts in that 11-oxygenation may take place in extragonadal tissues.     

Use of endoscopy for gender and ovarian stage determinations in Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) grown in aquaculture

The Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) is native to the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. It used to breed in the main incoming rivers, until dam construction in the mid 20th century blocked upriver spawning migration. Aquaculture of Russian sturgeon has only recently begun, prompted by their declining populations in natural habitats and the rise in meat and caviar prices. However, information on their gonadal development and puberty under culture conditions is incomplete.

Because sturgeons have no external sexual dimorphism and there are no external markers for sexing, internal examination of the gonads must be employed for gender identification as well as to monitor their development. The present study describes endoscopic and histological observations of the gonads of young Russian sturgeons aimed at identifying gender and monitoring ovarian developmental stage in females up to the age of 6 years, when they enter their first puberty cycle, as well as at 7 years of age, when they have completed vitellogenesis, under culture conditions. This information, as related to fish age and size, is of vital importance to commercial farming of Russian sturgeon for caviar production and reproduction.

For gonadal observations in both sexes, we used an endoscopic system consisting of a 4 mm, 14 cm long cystoscope sheath incorporated with fiber-optic light transmission, connected to a halogen cold light source and a miniature videocamera with a control unit attached to a color monitor. This system allowed us viewing of the fish's abdominal organs, and to save pictures of selected areas of the gonads on a computer as the fish's personal record. Ovarian biopsies were taken in parallel for histology at typical stages of gonadal development.

Gender could be identified with this system as early as at 3 years of age and the sex ratio under culture conditions of females, males and unidentified gender were 55, 40 and 5%, respectively.

Not only did large differences occur in the developmental stages of female of the same age group, but also ovarian development was highly asynchronous at the early vitellogenic stages. In late vitellogenesis, at the “gray egg” stage (1600–2600 μm diameter), the oocytes were quite regular in size and color, and remained so until the final stages of maturity.

Our study suggests that endoscopy is an efficient method for both gender identification at an early age, and for determination of gonadal development stage in sturgeon aquaculture. The ability to see the whole intact gonads of anesthetized fish can reveal important management and research information, with minimal damage or stress to the fish.     

北京鲟鱼养殖现状与发展分析

在对北京鲟鱼养殖户调研的基础上,从养殖品种、养殖方式、养殖饲料、养殖规模以及商品鱼营销5个方面叙述了北京鲟鱼养殖产业的现状,分析了北京市鲟鱼养殖过程中存在的4个问题：鲟鱼养殖的规模较小,缺乏典型的龙头企业;养殖饲料大多来自外埠,养殖成本较高;市场开拓力度不足,销售的产品形态少;销售渠道单一,消费规格偏小.进而提出了促进北京鲟鱼养殖业发展的5点建议：利用资源优势来塑造绿色鲟鱼品牌、培育龙头企业来延长产业链、宣传烹饪方法来拓展鲟鱼消费市场、转化研发成果来提高鲟鱼养殖技术和强化人才培训来增强鲟鱼产业软实力.     

人工养殖中华鲟鱼皮中胶原蛋白提取工艺研究

[目的]研究确定人工养殖中华鲟鱼皮中胶原蛋白的酶法提取工艺。[方法]以胶原蛋白得率为指标,采用单因素试验,考察各因素对人工养殖中华鲟鱼皮中胶原蛋白得率的影响。[结果]胃蛋白酶为最适宜提取酶,人工养殖中华鲟鱼鱼皮中胶原蛋白提取的最佳条件为料液比1∶10 g/ml,加酶量2.0%,提取时间6 h,胶原蛋白的得率为82.7%,含量为49.9%。[结论]该提取工艺稳定,提取率高,适用于人工养殖中华鲟鱼鱼皮中胶原蛋白的提取。     

Growth,development and behaviour of Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus larvae in different light regimes

The effects of five different light regimes on growth performance and behaviour of Persian Sturgeon larvae were examined. Larvae were reared under five different photoperiods (24L, 12L:12D, 16L:8D, 8L:16L and 24D), from hatching (25.8 ± 8.1 mg; 12 ± 0.6 mm) to 28 days post‐hatch (dph). Except the last week, there was no significant difference in growth parameters among the experimental groups. Growth performance significantly improved in larvae reared under a continuous light regime. The highest final length (34.5 ± 1.7 mm) was measured in 24L and the lowest one (29.5 ± 0.4 mm) in the constant darkness. Relative to other experimental groups, the continuous darkness had a retarding impact on the yolk sac absorption and swarming behaviour. Among the whole body compositions, the lowest body moisture content was measured in the continuous light group. Persian Sturgeon pre‐larvae and larvae were not completely dependent on light regimes (in 1–21 days), whereas on the basis of measured parameters (total length, wet and dry weight and digestive fullness index) a continuous light regime played a decisive role on growth performance beyond 21 dph.     

Successful Hybridization of Acipenser Species Using Cryopreserved Sperm

Successful hybridization of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) × Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), sterlet × Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) and sterlet × European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) was carried out for the first time using cryopreserved semen of sturgeon males and sterlet × sterlet crosses as controls. Sperm of all three species was diluted with a cryodiluent composed of 23.4 mM sucrose, 0.25 mM KCl, 30 mM Tris (pH 8.0) and 10% methanol. The samples were frozen in plastic straws in the vapor of liquid nitrogen at the height of 3 cm above the level of nitrogen for 3 min. Following thawing approximately 3000 sterlet eggs were fertilized with six straws of frozen-thawed sperm. The hatching rate with sterlet sperm was 30.6% while the hatching rate of A. ruthenus × A. baeri, A. ruthenus × A. gueldenstaedti and A. ruthenus × A. sturio hybrids was 50, 17.4 and 34%, respectively. Morphometric markers as well as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was used to verify interspecific hybridization.