草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞对饥饿诱导自噬的响应

为研究草地贪夜蛾对饥饿诱导自噬的响应。从草地贪夜蛾EST数据库中筛选到一段核苷酸序列,设计特异性引物,RT-PCR技术从草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞中扩增该核苷酸序列,经过生物信息学分析该序列与昆虫自噬相关基因ATG8同源性最高,命名为SfATG8基因,并构建了pIEX-4-mCherry-EGFP-SfATG8载体转染Sf9细胞。Sf9细胞经饥饿(PBS)诱导4 h后,Lyso-Tracker染色、Western Blotting、共聚焦显微镜检测细胞对自噬的响应程度。结果表明,经饥饿(PBS)诱导4 h的Sf9细胞中出现Sf Atg8-PE的表达,共聚焦显微镜检测到Sf9细胞膜上的自噬小体。以上证据证实饥饿(PBS)能诱导Sf9细胞发生自噬,为深入研究Sf9细胞对自噬的响应奠定了基础。     

饥饿和补偿生长对红鲫幼鱼生长和体组分的影响

分析了饥饿和冉投喂处理后红鲫（Carassius auratus red variety）幼鱼的生长和体组分变化。饥饿状态下，红鲫幼鱼体重、比肝重、肥满度和肝体指数下降，各饥饿组体重均与同期对照组存在极显著差异（P〈0．01），其中饥饿15d组体重与初始体重存在极显著差异（P〈0．01），肝糖原、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量下降，水分和灰分含量上升；再投喂后，除饥饿15d组肝糖原与对照组仍有极显著差异外，其他各项指标均恢复到与对照组无显著差异。实验过程中，各饥饿组食物转化率均明显高于对照组，且与对照组存在极显著差异（P〈0．01），其中饥饿10d组最高，达到了24．38％。结果表明，红鲫幼鱼存在完全补偿生长能力，其完全补偿生长是通过提高食物转化率（FCE）来实现的，短期饥饿时将糖原和粗脂肪作为主要能源物质。     

草鱼LPL基因的表达及饥饿和再投喂对其影响

获得了草鱼脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase, LPL)部分cDNA序列（GenBank注册号为FJ612596），并进行了序列同源性分析；采用半定量反转录聚合酶链式反应（SQ-RT-PCR）方法，检测了LPL基因在草鱼不同组织和不同发育阶段脂肪细胞中的表达状况；研究了饥饿和再投喂对草鱼肝胰脏LPL基因表达的影响。结果显示，所获得的草鱼LPL部分cDNA序列长度为360 bp，与其它物种的同源性为70%~89%； LPL基因在肝胰脏、肌肉、心脏、鳃、腹腔脂肪组织中均表达，其中在腹腔脂肪组织中表达丰度最高，在鳃中表达丰度最低；在成熟脂肪细胞中的表达丰度显著高于基质脉管组分（stromal vascular fraction,SVF）细胞；草鱼LPL基因表达水平在饥饿48 h后显著升高，再次投喂后12 h，回复到0 h的表达水平。研究表明，草鱼LPL在不同组织及脂肪细胞分化的起始和终末阶段均有表达，显示其在草鱼不同组织和脂肪细胞分化中具有重要作用，同时，其表达水平受营养状况的调控。论文首次克隆得到草鱼LPL基因部分cDNA序列，并对其进行了表达分析，研究结果可为LPL在鱼类脂质代谢中的作用研究提供参考和依据。     

饥饿对麻雀体内纤维素酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨饥饿对麻雀体内纤维素酶活性的影响。[方法]采用DNS法,测定自由进食和饥饿组麻雀体内纤维素酶活性的变化,并研究了pH和温度对纤维素酶活的影响。[结果]随着饥饿时间的延长,麻雀胃和肠道内CMC酶活先迅速下降后有部分上升,但未达到对照组的水平。饥饿组BG酶的活性持续下降。肌胃、腺胃、前肠、后肠和直肠中CMC酶活的最适pH分别为3、4、4、6和5。肌胃、腺胃、后肠和直肠的最适温度均为50℃,前肠的最适温度为40℃。BG酶活的最适pH均为4,最适温度为40℃。[结论]饥饿使麻雀消化道内CMC酶活先下降后上升,BG酶的活性持续下降。     

两种常用方法测定鸡内源氨基酸损失量的比较研究

用无氮日粮法和饥饿法测定了16只400日龄正常成年海兰褐父母代种公鸡的鸡内源氨基酸损失量的差异情况。结果表明,两种方法测定的内源氨基酸中,甘氨酸、赖氨酸和胱氨酸的内源损失量差异不显著(P>0.05),其他内源氨基酸损失量为无氮日粮法极显著高于饥饿法(P<0.01);用无氮日粮法测定的内源总氨基酸损失量极显著高于饥饿法(P<0.01)。     

饥饿胁迫下大鳞副泥鳅外周红细胞的形态变化

[目的]为研究饥饿胁迫下鱼类的生理生化变化提供参考。[方法]采用传统瑞氏染色法研究饥饿胁迫下大鳞副泥鳅外周红细胞的形态变化。[结果]大鳞副泥鳅的成熟红细胞逐渐发生变化,先出现核膜溶解,然后出现细胞形变,接着出现核质扩散和细胞膜溶解,最后整个成熟红细胞膜完全溶解,核染色反应由紫黑色变为紫红色最后变为粉红色。大鳞副泥鳅的幼稚红细胞则明显增多。[结论]在饥饿胁迫下大鳞副泥鳅外周红细胞出现核异常,主要表现为核膜溶解和核质扩散,因此红细胞核异常可以作为饥饿胁迫的指标。     

Predicting survival, reproduction and abundance of polar bears under climate change

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations are predicted to be negatively affected by climate warming, but the timeframe and manner in which change to polar bear populations will occur remains unclear. Predictions incorporating climate change effects are necessary for proactive population management, the setting of optimal harvest quotas, and conservation status decisions. Such predictions are difficult to obtain from historic data directly because past and predicted environmental conditions differ substantially. Here, we explore how models can be used to predict polar bear population responses under climate change. We suggest the development of mechanistic models aimed at predicting reproduction and survival as a function of the environment. Such models can often be developed, parameterized, and tested under current environmental conditions. Model predictions for reproduction and survival under future conditions could then be input into demographic projection models to improve abundance predictions under climate change. We illustrate the approach using two examples. First, using an individual-based dynamic energy budget model, we estimate that 3-6% of adult males in Western Hudson Bay would die of starvation before the end of a 120 day summer fasting period but 28-48% would die if climate warming increases the fasting period to 180 days. Expected changes in survival are non-linear (sigmoid) as a function of fasting period length. Second, we use an encounter rate model to predict changes in female mating probability under sea ice area declines and declines in mate-searching efficiency due to habitat fragmentation. The model predicts that mating success will decline non-linearly if searching efficiency declines faster than habitat area, and increase non-linearly otherwise. Specifically for the Lancaster Sound population, we predict that female mating success would decline from 99% to 91% if searching efficiency declined twice as fast as sea ice area, and to 72% if searching efficiency declined four times as fast as area. Sea ice is a complex and dynamic habitat that is rapidly changing. Failure to incorporate climate change effects into population projections can result in flawed conservation assessments and management decisions.     

Starved bacteria retain their size but lose culturability - Lessons from a 5000 years old undisturbed A-horizon

The vast majority of soil bacteria are unable to form visible colonies on agar media. One hypothesis is that unculturable soil bacteria are dwarf cells that may either be small starved forms derived from larger species or represent inherently small species. We test the hypotheses that cells of extremely starved soil bacterial communities are smaller and less culturable than cells of bacterial communities from a richer soil, and that culturability is related to cell size by comparing an extremely starved community from a 5200-year-old A-horizon buried under a burial mound with a community from a modern agricultural A-horizon.We serially filtered cell suspensions through filters with successively smaller pore sizes (0.8 μm, 0.6 μm and 0.4 μm) and assessed total cell number and culturability, i.e. the ability to form colonies on two types of agar media, in each size fraction. Cell size distributions were assessed in unfiltered suspensions. Average cell size was only moderately reduced in the starved community, where culturability was low for all size classes. In contrast, culturability was much higher in the modern community, where culturability decreased dramatically with decreasing cell sizes.     

实验室条件下花鼠的耐饥性研究

[目的]为花鼠的耐饥性研究提供参考。[方法]以18只花鼠（雌性8只,雄性10只）为试验动物,研究常温不同处理（①断粮给水;②断水给粮;③断水断粮）对其耐饥性的影响。[结果]18只花鼠的平均耐饥时间为121.6h。断粮给水组花鼠的平均体重为101.5g,死亡后平均体重下降32.1%,平均耐饥时间为131.7h;断水给粮组花鼠的平均体重为110.1g,死亡后平均体重下降29.8%,平均耐饥时间为118.2h;断水断粮组花鼠的平均体重为119.9g,死亡后平均体重下降30.3%,平均耐饥时间为113.9h。雌鼠和雄鼠的平均耐饥时间分别为122.5和109.3h。[结论]常温条件下花鼠的耐饥能力很强。     

饥饿对黄颡鱼雌性个体生殖力的影响

该实验采取饥饿0d、7d、14d、21d、28d、35d 6个梯度,研究了饥饿对安庆地区野生黄颡鱼的个体生殖力的影响,结果表明,其个体绝对生殖力在14d后受饥饿的影响明显,28d后又趋于平稳,体长相对生殖力下降明显,而体重相对生殖力波动较为平缓。