鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬种群数量动态与空间分布格局

2002—2015年,采用同步调查法对鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)越冬种群数量动态与空间分布格局进行了监测。结果表明:鄱阳湖区分布有稳定的反嘴鹬越冬种群,年平均数量为(16684±14653)只,2004年、2005年、2013年种群数量均超过目前其全球数量的10%,2004年冬季鄱阳湖区越冬反嘴鹬数量达到最大值,为47520只。鄱阳湖区共有70个湖泊记录到反嘴鹬,其中反嘴鹬种群数量达到全球1%以上的湖泊有20个。每年冬季鄱阳湖区反嘴鹬集中分布在常湖、蚌湖、花庙湖和下坝湖,而反嘴鹬利用频次最高的是大湖池,每年反嘴鹬的越冬数量为(1819±1593)只。各湖泊中反嘴鹬的年平均数量与利用频次之间不存在显著相关性。自然保护区涵盖了反嘴鹬在鄱阳湖越冬的主要湖泊,分布在保护区内的反嘴鹬种群占鄱阳湖区越冬总数量的(75.3±26.0)%,但仍有很多重要的湖泊没有被纳入到保护区范围。反嘴鹬对保护区内湖泊的利用频次与保护区外湖泊的利用频次不存在显著性差异,保护区内反嘴鹬的种群数量显著大于保护区外。     

中国奶牛养殖生产布局时空演变分析

本研究基于2001—2017年中国奶牛存栏量统计数据,运用奶牛养殖布局指数、奶牛养殖重心模型和空间自相关模型分析方法,分析中国奶牛养殖生产布局在时间和空间上的演变过程和特征。结果表明:①东北和内蒙古产区奶牛存栏量呈下降趋势,华北产区保持稳定上升,西部产区缓慢上升,南方产区和大城市周边产区呈下降趋势;内蒙古、新疆和黑龙江稳居奶牛养殖主产区的主导地位,但优势逐渐减弱,以河南为代表的新兴产区奶牛养殖发展迅速。②奶牛养殖重心呈现出先向东南方向移动再向西南方向移动的演变趋势。③省际间奶牛存栏量具有全局空间正相关性且相关性不断增强,并已在黑龙江、山西、贵州、广东、海南、云南、广西、河南、陕西、青海、吉林、辽宁和河南出现局部地理集聚现象。最后,提出促进我国奶业发展的相关建议。     

采伐干扰下次生林灌木层主要树种的生态位动态

为探讨采伐干扰下的灌木层主要树种的生态适应性,用Levins、Schoener和Pianka等生态位测度公式定量分析闽北天然次生林采伐后灌木层主要树种生态位动态。结果表明:样地中黄绒润楠和刺毛杜鹃的生态位最大,属优势树种;甜槠、石栎和映山红为衰退树种,在林分生产作业中需加以保护。采伐干扰促进了灌木层主要树种的生态位释放,各树种的生态位宽度在伐后10~15 a达到峰值,随后下降,伐后20 a接近于未采伐林的生态位;各树种弱度和中度择伐的生态位宽度值约占其生态位宽度总值的50%。生态位重叠值在伐后10 a最大,随后下降,到伐后20 a趋于稳定状态。因此灌木层主要树种生态位的最优期为伐后10~15 a,最佳采伐干扰强度为弱度和中度择伐。     

Quantifying trophic interactions and niche sizes of juvenile fishes in an invaded riverine cyprinid fish community

Quantifying feeding interactions between nonindigenous and indigenous fishes in invaded fish communities is important for determining how introduced species integrate into native food webs. Here, the trophic interactions of invasive 0+ European barbel Barbus barbus (L.) and the three other principal 0+ fishes in the community, Squalius cephalus (L.), Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), were investigated in the River Teme, a River Severn tributary in Western England. B. barbus has been present in the River Teme for approximately 40 years. Analyses of stomach contents from samples collected from three sites between June and September 2015 revealed that, overall, fishes displayed a generalist feeding strategy, with most prey having low frequency of selection. Relationships of diet composition versus body length and gape height were species‐specific, with increasing dietary specialisms apparent as the 0+ fishes increased in length and gape height. The trophic niche size of invasive B. barbus was always significantly smaller than S. cephalus and L. leuciscus and was significantly smaller than P. phoxinus at two sites. This was primarily due to differences in the functional morphology of the fishes; 0+ B. barbus were generally restricted to foraging on the benthos, whereas the other fishes were able to forage on prey present throughout the water column. Nevertheless, the invasive B. barbus were exploiting very similar prey items to populations in their native range, suggesting these invaders were strongly pre‐adapted to the River Teme and this arguably facilitated their establishment and invasion.     

基于极值概率分布函数的中国早稻高温热害时空分布统计特征

揭示水稻高温热害风险特征对农业适应气候变化具有重要意义。本研究以中国早稻种植区为研究区域,基于早稻种植区214个气象站1971—2015年的数据,利用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法和极值概率分布理论,探究中国早稻高温热害的时空变化趋势和极值概率分布规律。研究发现:1)反映早稻高温热害的两个指标即高温热害累计天数(ADHS,accumulateddaysofheatstress)和热害有害积温(HDD,heatstressdegree days)的均值在湖南中南部、江西中部、浙江和福建中部较大,表明这些区域的早稻遭受高温热害的风险较大;从Mann-Kenall趋势检验看,两个指标在超过1/3的站点都呈显著增加的趋势,说明高温热害风险在这些站点显著增加,尤其20世纪90年代以后超过1/2的站点两个指标都呈显著增加的趋势。2)超过1/2以上的站点的高温热害累计天数和高温有害积温都满足极值概率函数分布。对于高温热害累计天数,56个站点满足耿贝尔分布(Gumbel),82个站点满足广义极值分布(GEV);对于热害有害积温,61个站点满足耿贝尔分布,58个站点满足广义极值分布。3)两个高温热害指标的10年、50年、100年重现期的空间分布规律和2个指标的均值空间分布类似,即均值较大的区域,其10年、50年、100年重现期对应的重现期水平(return level)也较大;重现期水平与经度、纬度和海拔无明显相关关系。研究结果有助提升对早稻高温热害时空趋势和概率分布规律的认识,可为农业适应气候变化和农业天气指数保险设计等方面提供理论参考。     

Ecological and landscape effects on genetic distance in an assemblage of headwater fishes

Environmental divergence along hierarchically structured longitudinal gradients may constitute barriers to gene flow in river networks for headwater specialised species. While known, this phenomenon has not been well studied, especially with regard to degree of headwater specialisation. We examined six headwater species that differ in habitat specialisation to assess whether patterns of differentiation vary according to geographic or environmental distance. We also identified regional environmental or anthropogenically induced fragmentation effects by comparing within‐drainage patterns of genetic distance across replicate watersheds. We used a comparative modelling framework to determine whether isolation by distance or isolation by resistance of large river habitats was a better predictor of genetic distance across species. The influence of reservoir presence and regional network characteristics that may influence the hydrology and size of large river habitats were also assessed. Resistance effects from large rivers were closely related to headwater specialisation, with increased specialisation leading to increased resistance and loss of drainagewide population connectivity. These results affirm that dendritic networks naturally fragment headwater specialised species. Further isolation from anthropogenic fragmentation was detected in two of the six drainages, indicating interactions with system‐specific conditions. Landscape variables related to the hydrology of large rivers also affected genetic distance in predicted ways, supporting the importance of large rivers in genetically structuring headwater species in drainage networks.     

实际地形下地表太阳总辐射的简化算法及应用

为快速准确估算实际地形下地表太阳总辐射,针对辐射观测资料不足现状,通过考虑天文、大气和地理地形等因子对地表太阳总辐射的影响,构建了融合起伏地形天文辐射模型、地表太阳总辐射气候学公式和日照百分率优化插值方案的太阳总辐射简化算法。并以安徽省为例,对简化算法实施参数化和应用,采用2个辐射站观测资料统计回归得到气候学公式参数,参数化后的公式计算相对误差为7.65%。利用80个站点的日照百分率数据分析了不同插值方法适用性,逐点交叉检验结果表明,薄盘样条法对安徽省日照百分率具有更好的插值效果。基于简化算法计算得到实际地形下安徽省地表太阳总辐射平均为4500MJ·m~(-2)·a~(-1),总体呈北部高、南部低,山区南坡高、北坡低的分布特征,部分开阔南坡的太阳辐射超过同纬度水平地面。季节特征上地形对太阳辐射的影响随月份而异,在冬半年影响幅度更为明显,夏半年地形影响相对较弱,并多以削减为主。安徽省太阳能资源以3级为主,大别山和皖南山区的北坡多为4级,而在皖北低山丘陵的南坡存在零星的2级资源区。近年来由于日照百分率的下降,导致全省地表太阳总辐射普遍减少。     

武功县耕地质量空间变异分析

为了弄清楚武功县耕地质量空间变异规律,应用地统计学方法,分别针对武功县耕地自然质量等指数、利用等指数和经济等指数各选取1000个分等单元样点,在保证样点为正态分布的前提下,应用GS+9.0软件进行对武功县耕地自然质量等指数、利用等指数和经济等指数的空间变异进行定量分析。结果表明:武功县耕地质量的空间变异是以结构性因素引起的为主,自然质量的空间变异在3270 m以内,利用质量的空间变异在11310 m以内,而经济质量的空间变异在14970 m以内。自然质量以南北方向和西北东南方向变异大,而东西方向变异小。利用质量和经济质量则以南北方向和西南东北方向变异大,东西方向变异最小。地统计学方法是定量研究耕地质量空间变异的有效方法,利用地统计学方法对耕地质量空间变异研究有利于认识耕地质量空间分异规律,也有利于有效选择耕地质量监测样点。     

四川省土壤温度状况空间分布特征

土壤温度状况(STR)在现代土壤系统分类中是确定土壤分类单元的重要诊断特性。利用四川省160个气象站点的多年年均和月均地面气候资料与数字高程模型数据,分析不同气象因子与地形因素对土壤温度(土温)的影响,然后以显著影响的因子为辅助变量,采用回归克里格法预测四川省STR的空间分布,依据中国土壤系统分类高级与基层分类划分标准中有关STR的定量诊断指标,对四川省STR及其空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明,气温、经度、纬度与海拔对土温有显著影响,在高级分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、寒性为主,部分区域为永冻、冷性、高热;在基层分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、冷性为主,部分地区为高寒性、近寒性、亚寒性、高热性。四川省STR分析为四川土壤系统分类与土壤资源的合理利用提供了科学依据。     

Coexisting invasive gobies reveal no evidence for temporal and trophic niche differentiation in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai,China

Niche differentiation facilitates the coexistence of species within a community through avoidance of competition via mechanisms involving spatial, temporal and/or trophic dimensions. Where invasive species coexist in their non‐native range, niche differentiation could allow their persistence at higher levels of abundance. Here, we tested whether there was temporal and/or trophic niche differentiation between two congeneric invasive goby species (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Rhinogobius giurinus) in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai (south‐west China) through quantifying their diel and seasonal rhythm of locomotion activities, feeding activities and diet composition. Both species displayed two similar diel peaks in activity and two main feeding periods (6:00–10:00 and 18:00–22:00), with rhythms of locomotion and feeding activity not differing significantly between the species in each season. Their diets had a high degree of overlap, being primarily composed of macrozooplankton, aquatic insects and shrimp larvae, with no diel changes across the seasons. Thus, in this habitat, there was no clear temporal or trophic niche differentiation between the invasive congeners, indicating their coexistence with high temporal and trophic overlap. In conjunction with data from the littoral and profundal habitats, the gobies revealed different strategies across the habitats (e.g. spatial segregation, trophic niche differentiation) that minimised their competitive interactions and promoted their coexistence. This suggests that the interactions of invasive fishes during the integration into native communities can be context dependent, varying according to factors including habitat and the availability of food resources.