青海果洛高寒地区燕麦和小黑麦最佳混播比例筛选

为筛选出适合于三江源区燕麦(Avena sativa)和小黑麦(×Triticale Wittmack)混播比例,在青海省甘德县进行了燕麦与小黑麦不同混播处理的研究。结果表明,在供试的5个混播处理中,混播组合燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的干草产量最高,为13605 kg·hm–2,显著高于单播(P<0.05),和燕麦50%+小黑麦50%处理差异不显著(P>0.05)。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦株高最高,比燕麦单播提高6.5%。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦单株产量和单株地下生物量均显著高于燕麦单播和其他供试混播处理(P<0.05);小黑麦单株产量在燕麦40%+小黑麦60%处理下最高。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦和小黑麦的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均低于单播,粗蛋白含量最高。利用干草产量、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量和中性洗涤纤维含量的相对值进行隶属函数值综合评价,得出混播处理的最佳比例为燕麦60%+小黑麦40%。     

重庆市荣昌区饮用水源地环境评估与管理对策

为保障城镇居民饮水安全,从水源地环境管理状况和水源地水质评价2个方面对环境状况进行评估。结果表明,虽然高升桥饮用水源地综合评估结果为优秀,水质状况较好,但在水源地管理方面仍存在较多问题。针对监测能力、监管能力不足和群众环保意识薄弱等问题,提出了相关对策。     

渭南市种植业面源污染现状、防治难点及对策建议

掌握面源污染现状是进行污染防治的前提。本研究概述了渭南市种植业面源污染的现状,指出化肥施用高量低效并存、农药包装物污染、残膜污染持续以及秸秆综合利用衍生问题突出,是当前种植业面源污染亟待解决的问题,然后结合防治难点,从宣传普及、强化监测、健全法规、资金保障以及做好技术研发和推广等角度提出了较系统的防治对策和建议。     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

青海三江源区湿地状况及保护对策

从自然湿地分布的特性以及保护整体性角度出发,将三江源区范围确定为青海省内的长江流域全部、西南诸河的澜沧江二级流域全部以及黄河流域的龙羊峡以上二级流域组成的一个连续区域。统计计算了三江源区内面积≥100hm2的湿地类型、面积和流域分布。分析了湿地资源受威胁状况,并根据当地自然环境和社会经济的特殊情况,提出了湿地保护对策,为三江源湿地的系统保护提供了技术思路。     

Spatiotemporal changes in terrestrial water storage in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region from GRACE satellites

The Sandstorm Source Control Project in and around the Beijing-Tianjin region was one of the most important ecological projects in China. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) has important impacts on the ecological construction, agriculture, industry, and resident’s lives. Based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, meteorological and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, etc., this paper analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics of TWS, groundwater storage, and precipitation, and explored the influencing factors of regional TWS combined with land use and land cover (LULC), social and economic data. The most important results were as follows: (1) From 2003 to 2016, TWS in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region showed a decreasing trend with a rate of 3.14 mm yr⁻¹. (2) The TWS decline was caused mainly by groundwater overexploitation, but not precipitation variation. (3) Spatiotemporal variations of TWS were related to LULC. The area with the most serious decrease of TWS was mainly located in the southwestern part of the region, where farmland percentage and population density were greater. (4) Reducing the percent of farmland and tree planting, and adding the shrub and grass planting, could be a viable choice for the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. These results provide a scientific basis for regional water resource and ecological management.     

萝卜肉质根膨大过程中库活性的变化

以根冠比不同的3个萝卜品种为材料,研究了萝卜肉质根的生长动态和肉质根膨大过程中源-库活性的变化.结果表明:播种后14～21 d肉质根开始膨大,并在播种28d后进入快速膨大期;叶片的快速生长期先于肉质根.3个品种其根冠比(鲜质量)存在非常明显的差异.其中‘短叶13'在播种后35 d,其根冠比即达到1以上;至播种后56 d其根冠比高达4.7,而‘叶用萝卜'根冠比始终小于1.源活性在播种后14～21 d达到最大,之后逐渐下降,但‘叶用萝卜'源活性在播种后21～28 d仍维持较高的水平;库活性在播种后28 d(‘短叶13'和‘叶用萝卜')或35 d(‘白玉春')内持续快速提高,之后则呈下降趋势.在整个生长过程中,‘短叶13'的源活性始终低于其它两个品种,而其库活性和地下部干重并不低于其它2个品种.     

穗重差异型两系法杂交水稻灌浆期若干源库指标动态变化的比较

从单茎水平上比较了重、中、轻3种不同穗重型两系法杂交水稻灌浆期若干源库及其相互关系指标的动态差异.结果表明,相时于中、轻型两系法杂交稻,重型具有如下特点:单穗粒多、实粒数多、千粒重重、单茎库容量大;抽穗后叶绿素含量前期高、中期衰减慢、后期较迅速;籽粒灌浆速度快,持续期长;抽穗后前期比叶重大,后期持续缓慢衰减;粒叶比高、物粒比和颖花茎鞘重较低.     

江河源区生物多样性问题研究

江河源区西部、南部、东南部和东北部都毗邻生物多样性中心,生态系统多样,物种较丰富。这种生物多样性是随着青藏高原的隆起而产生和发展起来的并以其环境为生存条件,因而比较独特,不乏特有种、珍禽异兽、名贵药材和受到国家保护的物种。全面了解江河源区特殊的生物多样性将有利于该区的生态环境保护和区内自然保护区的建设。     

土壤和沉积物中烃类污染物的主要来源与识别标志

土壤、沉积物中烃类污染物的来源十分复杂,其输入方式主要包括矿物油直接输入、大气颗粒物沉降、通过水介质输入、工业固体废弃物、城市垃圾和生活废弃物排放及天然有机质生物化学降解产物等。不同来源的烃类污染物组成上存在一定的差别,可根据这些差别判识环境中烃类污染物的来源。介绍了不同污染源的烃类污染物中正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃、烷基环己烷、甾萜烷烃及芳香烃类化合物的组成与分布特征,综合评述了不同污染源的分子标志物特征及主要识别标志。