菜心重要农艺性状与SSR分子标记的关联分析

菜心是华南地区的主要蔬菜,利用分子标记辅助育种发掘出与重要农艺性状相关的分子,不仅可以加速优良品种的选育进程,还可以定向地优化目标性状,培育出高产优质的菜心品种。本研究选用148份来自宁夏银川和广东南沙田间种植的菜心种质材料,采集株高、株质量、薹高、薹质量和薹粗5个重要农艺性状的数据;利用SSR标记对其进行基因分型,开展农艺性状及SSR标记的关联性分析。结果表明,在供试的菜心材料中,147个SSR标记共检测到252个变异位点,引物多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0526~0.5222,平均值为0.3793;群体结构分析将供试的菜心品种分为2个类群;银川和南沙两地菜心品种在农艺性状和SSR标记的关联分析中发现,有6个位点与相同性状存在仍显著关联(P<0.01)。这些标记能为菜心的分子辅助选择育种提供参考。     

甜瓜种皮颜色控制基因CmSC1的精细定位及候选基因分析

【目的】通过对甜瓜种皮颜色进行遗传分析及基因精细定位,并推测其候选基因和开发特异分子标记,为下一步该基因的功能研究及合理利用奠定基础。【方法】利用白色种皮材料HP22和黄色种皮材料B8、B150分别配制杂交组合,获得后代遗传分离群体并进行种皮颜色的表型调查及遗传分析,通过基因图位克隆方法完成基因的精细定位。通过对定位区间内注释基因进行编码区序列和功能分析确定关键候选目的基因。【结果】甜瓜白色种皮对黄色种皮为显性,由单显性基因CmSC1控制并表现延迟遗传效应。利用368个黄色种皮F₂单株最终将CmSC1精细定位于第5号染色体分子标记S27和S28之间物理距离约95 kb区间内,共包含12个注释基因。其中一个为拟南芥AtTT8同源的编码bHLH转录因子蛋白的MELO3C014406,经序列变异位点分析,黄色种皮材料B8和B150分别在该基因ATG下游第47位碱基处插入碱基A以及在第260位碱基处缺失14 bp导致翻译蛋白提前终止,致使后面功能结构域完全缺失,进而通过开发特异分子标记YS及序列分析,发现65份黄色种皮材料均发生这两种突变形式中的一种,推测MELO3C014406即为控制种皮颜色CmSC1的目的基因。【结论】本研究将控制种皮颜色的CmSC1精细定位于第5染色体95 kb区间内,推测MELO3C014406为最终目的基因,并开发了特异分子标记YS。     

肉制品发色剂研究进展

色泽是肉制品评定的一个重要因素。在肉制品中加入发色剂可使产品色泽良好,提高产品品质。传统肉制品中通常添加亚硝酸盐等作为发色剂,其严重威胁人体健康。通过综述肉制品发色剂的使用现状、新型肉制品的研发状况,展望肉制品发色剂的开发方向与前景。     

红叶山茶(Camellia japonica)叶片色素含量与叶色参数的相关性分析

以3个红叶山茶品种‘红叶黑魔法’、‘黑魔法’和‘黑蛋石’为试验材料,分别测定叶片不同发育阶段叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总花青苷含量及叶色参数L~*、a~*、b~*值,并通过相关性分析探讨叶色参数与叶片色素含量变化之间的关系。结果表明,首先,3个不同发育阶段叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量呈上升趋势,不同品种同一发育阶段的色素含量相近。‘红叶黑魔法’和‘黑蛋石’叶片总花青苷含量在新叶展开10 d左右达到最大值,此后极显著下降,而‘黑魔法’叶片的花青苷含量则变化不大。其次,从色素比值来看,在新叶展开10 d时,花青苷的所占比值最大,‘红叶黑魔法’和‘黑蛋石’的花青苷比值分别达到87.88%和79.08%,极显著地高于叶绿素所占比值。到50 d时,花青苷比值下降至31.74%和23.68%,且3个品种花青苷含量相近,而叶绿素和类胡萝卜素比例则显著增加,这一结果较好地解释了这3个品种叶片的呈色变化,说明花青苷含量及其各种色素含量的比例变化是导致红叶山茶叶色变化的主要原因。最后,3个品种的a*值均与花青苷含量呈显著正相关,而与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素呈负相关,a~*值可作为描述红叶山茶品种叶色变化的代表性参数。     

玉米秸秆消化率全基因组关联分析

48h体外干物质消化率（48h in vitro dry matter digestibility, 48h IVDMD）是衡量青贮玉米品质的重要指标。为了初步探究玉米秸秆消化率的分子遗传机理,以341份玉米自交系为材料,于2018年在沈阳和通辽种植,收获后测定秸秆48h IVDMD。利用全基因组重测序获得的6 276 612个高质量SNPs进行全基因组关联分析,共检测到153个与玉米秸秆消化率显著相关的SNPs位点（P<1.0×10^-6）,4个SNPs显著水平在P<1.0×10^-8以上;共找到38个秸秆消化率的候选基因,主要涉及细胞生长发育、防御反应和信号转导等生物学功能。     

Identification of SNPs and expression patterns of FZD3 gene and its effect on wool traits in Chinese Merino sheep(Xinjiang Type)

As a member of the Frizzled family, Frizzled3(FZD3) is a receptor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a vital role in mammalian hair follicle developmental processes. However, its effects on wool traits are not clear. The objectives of this study were to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and the expression patterns of FZD3 gene, and then to determine whether it affected wool traits of Chinese Merino sheep(Xinjiang Type) or not. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) and sequencing were used to identify mutation loci, and general linear model(GLM) with SAS 9.1 was used for the association analysis between wool traits and SNPs. Quantitative real-time PCR(q RTPCR) was used to investigate FZD3 gene expression levels. The results showed that six exons of FZD3 gene were amplified and two mutation loci were identified in exon 1(NC_019459.2: g.101771685 TC(SNP1)) and exon 3(NC_019459.2: g.101810848, AC(SNP2)), respectively. Association analysis showed that SNP1 was significantly associated with mean fiber diameter(MFD)(P=0.04) and live weight(LW)(P=0.0004), SNP2 was significantly associated with greasy fleece weight(GFW)(P=0.04). The expression level of FZD3 gene in skin tissues of the superfine wool(SF) group was significantly lower(P0.05) than that of the fine wool(F) group. Moreover, it had a higher expression level(P0.01) in skin tissues than in other tissues of Chinese Merino ewes. While, its expression level had a fluctuant expression in skin tissues at different developmental stages of embryos and born lambs, with the highest expression levels(P0.01) at the 65 th day of embryos. Our study revealed the genetic relationship between FZD3 variants and wool traits and two identified SNPs might serve as potential and valuable genetic markers for sheep breeding and lay a molecular genetic foundation for sheep markerassisted selection(MAS).     

西瓜种子大小全基因组关联分析

试验调查分析62份不同西瓜种质资源种子大小性状,包括种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度、种形指数、种子千粒重、单瓜种子数等。针对性状结果展开数据分析,以主成分分析、相关性分析、聚类分析等不同统计学方法分析不同品种特征近似程度。种子大小遗传多样性分析结果表明,62份西瓜种质资源中,种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度、种形指数、种子千粒重、单瓜种子数多样性指数均在4.20以上,呈较高多样性;通过全基因组关联分析发现,共检测到7个与西瓜种子长度相关的SNP位点和11个与西瓜种子宽度相关的SNP位点,其中4、7号染色体上2个与西瓜种子长度相关的SNP达显著水平,4个与西瓜种子宽度关联的SNP位点达显著水平,分别位于1、4、7、10号染色体。     

Genome-wide association study for spot blotch resistance in Afghan wheat germplasm

Spot blotch (SB), caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is a devastating disease of wheat globally, especially in South Asia and South America. Understanding the genetics of resistance to SB is important for developing breeding strategies to improve resistance. A panel of 301 genotypes from Afghanistan was phenotyped over two crop seasons using a mixture of virulent B. sorokiniana isolates and genotyped using DArTSeq to obtain genome-wide markers. Fifty genotypes (16.6%) showed disease scores less than the resistant control. Principal component analysis using the genotypic data clustered the genotypes into five different groups. Among models used for genome-wide association mapping, the multilocus mixed model, and fixed and random model circulating probability unification algorithms were most effective in identifying significant marker-trait associations (MTA). Twenty-five MTAs at p ≤ .001 were identified on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 6A, 7A, and 7D, indicating the quantitative nature of resistance to SB. Phenotypic variation explained by these markers ranged from 2.0% to 17.7%, and genomic regions on the chromosomes 1D, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, and 5B coincided with loci identified in previous studies. Three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on chromosomes 1B (SNP 1113207) and 5A (SNPs 5411867 and 998276) were significant in both crop seasons as well as in the combined analysis across seasons. Marker 5411867 is close to Vrn-A1, shown to be associated with SB in previous studies. Furthermore, among known SB resistance genes, Sb2 on chromosome 5B was predicted to be significant in this panel.     

基于侯选基因标记的四倍体马铃薯休眠QTL关联分析

休眠期是马铃薯(SolanumtuberosumL.)重要的块茎性状之一,寻找调控马铃薯块茎休眠的关键基因,揭示其分子机制以选育具有适宜休眠期长度的马铃薯品种,对于解决当前马铃薯产业中过长或过短休眠期带来的经济损失和食品安全隐患等问题十分关键。前期研究在二倍体马铃薯连锁群体中定位了6个加性休眠QTL,本研究拟在四倍体马铃薯育种材料中验证这些休眠QTL。基于休眠QTL连锁的候选基因标记,采用混合线性模型(MLM),模型中考虑群体结构和亲缘关系(Q+K),在四倍体马铃薯自然群体St-hzau中对马铃薯块茎休眠期进行了关联分析。5号染色体上休眠QTL DorB5.3连锁的候选基因标记S199_300和GWD (根据葡聚糖水双激酶α-glucan water dikinase基因设计)与马铃薯块茎休眠期具有显著的关联(P0.05),分别解释了休眠期表型变异的7.8%和3.2%,分别能增加休眠期7.1 d和4.5 d,即在二倍体马铃薯连锁群体中定位的稳定主效休眠QTL DorB5.3在四倍体马铃薯关联群体St-hzau中也表现显著, DorB5.3的稳定性在关联分析结果中得到了验证,表明候选基因标记策略在马铃薯块茎休眠QTL关联分析中是一种有效的策略。本研究所验证的主效休眠QTL DorB5.3及相应连锁标记可以直接用于马铃薯休眠育种。据此可以推测GWD可能在控制还原糖含量和块茎休眠2个方面均发挥作用,马铃薯块茎休眠机制与还原糖含量变化机制可能存在着部分交叉。     

基于颜色和纹理特征的玉米旱情统计判别模型

利用颜色和纹理特征判定玉米植株干旱程度是玉米旱情监测识别的新途径,良好的统计判别模型构建方法对实现这一新途径意义重大。采集了玉米出苗-拔节、拔节-抽雄、抽雄-成熟3个生长发育阶段适宜、轻旱、中旱、重旱、特旱5个干旱程度的玉米植株图像,用MATLAB软件从图像中提取玉米植株的颜色和纹理特征数据,以SPSS软件对特征数据的训练集进行Fisher逐步判别分析,获得Fisher判别函数组,结合曼哈顿距离判别规则,建立了玉米出苗-拔节、拔节-抽雄、抽雄-成熟3个生长发育阶段的正视面、俯视面和侧视面共9个单视角统计判别模型,并将每个生长发育阶段的单视角统计判别模型联合构建为三维统计判别模型。玉米3个生长发育阶段的所有单视角判别模型在训练和测试时的平均判别准确率无显著差异,所有正视面和侧视面单视角统计判别模型训练和测试时的平均判别准确率均在90%以上,判别玉米不同干旱程度的准确率差异性小,所有俯视面单视角统计判别模型训练、测试时的平均判别准确率均低于85%,且判别玉米不同干旱程度的准确率差异性较大。玉米3个生长发育阶段的三维统计判别模型的训练和测试平均判别准确率在97%以上,且判别玉米不同干旱程度的差异性较小。玉米3个生长发育阶段的单视角统计判模型中,侧视面统计判别模型的判别效果最好,正视面统计判别模型次之,俯视面统计判别模型的判别效果相对较差,每个生长发育阶段的三维统计判别模型的判别效果均比单视角统计判模型好。