饥饿不同时间后投喂对许氏平鮋生长及体成分的影响

在室内水温21.8~25℃条件下,将初始体质量为(8.87±0.16)g的许氏平鮋Sebastes schlegeli放养在50cm×50cm×100cm网箱中,饥饿0(S0)、3(S3)、6(S6)、9(S9)和12d(S12)后分别投喂30d、27d、24d、21d和18d,每组3个重复,测定其体质量、肥满度、脏体指数、肝体指数、摄食率、食物转化率及全鱼和肝脏主要生化组成的变化。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,幼鱼体质量逐渐降低,各饥饿组鱼体质量显著低于同期对照组(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,S3组体质量、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组S0(P0.05),S6与S0组无显著差异(P0.05),而S9与S12组未能达到S0水平(P0.05)。S3组食物转化率(FCE)显著高于其余各组(P0.05),S9、S12组则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。饥饿状态下,各饥饿组鱼肝体指数与脏体指数显著小于S0组(P0.05));恢复投喂后各组肝体指数、脏体指数与对照组无显著差异。随着饥饿时间的延长,鱼体粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05),水分与粗蛋白含量呈上升趋势(P0.05)。饥饿6d后,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组,饥饿12d时粗脂肪含量比饥饿前降低了19.33%(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,各试验组间鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。S9和S12组中肝脏粗脂肪含量显著低于S0组(P0.05)。     

环境与摄食对山东省近海鱼礁区不同体长许氏平鲉分布的影响

为研究环境与摄食因素对人工鱼礁区不同体长许氏平鲉分布的影响,采用2017—2018年山东省近岸3处鱼礁区环境和渔业资源的调查数据,利用变异系数CV均值将样本的体长分为10组,每组体长间隔为33 mm,并使用Bray-Curtis相似性指数比较不同海域许氏平鲉体长组成的相似性;运用去趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)分析各环境要素对不同体长组许氏平鲉分布的影响;运用胃含物分析法分析许氏平鲉的食物组成。结果显示,西霞口与长岛鱼礁区样本体长组成相似性指数为70.66%,前三岛鱼礁区与西霞口鱼礁区、长岛鱼礁区的相似性指数较低,分别为54.94%和59.46%;大体长(299～365mm)许氏平鲉的分布与水深、水质指数(WQI)和化学需氧量(COD)相关性较大,喜好水深较深、营养丰富的水域;小体长(35～200 mm)许氏平鲉喜好水深较浅,水质好的水域。大体长(200～365 mm),高龄(2～3龄)的个体主要摄食鱼类、虾类和蟹类,优势饵料为鱼类(IRI为65.94%);小体长(35～200 mm),低龄(0～1龄)的个体主要摄食虾类和蟹类,优势饵料为虾类(IRI为45.69%)。研究表明,在浅水区域投放幼鱼保护型鱼礁,为幼鱼提供庇护所;将捕捞作业集中在深水区,减少对许氏平鲉小体长个体的兼捕,可以达到针对性增殖、保护许氏平鲉资源的目的。     

从许氏平鲉体表分离海分枝杆菌的鉴定及其脂多糖的抗原性分析

从许氏平鲉粘液、背鳍、鳃等部位分离筛选到同一菌株FZ09,经形态学观察、生理生化特性及热激蛋白65(HSP65)基因序列分析,鉴定菌株FZ09为海分枝杆菌。分别用酚-氯仿-甲醇法、乙醇-酚水法和传统热酚水法提取菌株FZ09的脂多糖(LPS),分析了LPS的组成和抗原性差异。SDS-PAGE结果表明,3种方法提取的LPS条带分布基本相同,主要条带分子量分别为14、16和23 ku,其中以乙醇-酚水法提取的LPS含量和纯度最高,热酚水法提取的LPS条带最多,抗原性最好。Western-blotting显示,海分枝杆菌抗血清主要与LPS的14 ku条带发生特异性免疫反应。高碘酸氧化免疫印迹结果表明,仅传统热酚水法提取的LPS在14 ku分子量区域有弱的阳性条带出现,其他方法提取LPS与抗血清的免疫反应呈阴性。高碘酸氧化ELISA反应显示,LPS经高碘酸氧化后与海分枝杆菌FZ09抗血清的反应活性降低,OD₄₀₅明显减弱。     

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by soybean protein concentrate on growth performance and phosphorus discharging of juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The 8‐week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) on juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (10.70 ± 0.04 g). Diets were formulated to replace FM protein by SPC at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 or 40% (designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively). Diets except T1 were supplemented with phytase at 2000 phytase activity U kg^?1. The results showed that survival rate, growth performance and feed utilization were not significantly affected by increasing dietary SPC. Fish fed diet T3 had higher feed intake compared to those fed T1, T2 and T5 diets. Whole body compositions of black sea bream were significantly influenced by SPC replacing FM except for protein, ash and phosphorus content. Condition factor of fish was significantly lower in T2 than that of fish in T3 group. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter was higher in fish fed T6 diet than those of fish fed T1 and T2 diets, ADCs of phosphorus increased with dietary SPC level up to T3 and then decreased. The results obtained in this study indicate that FM protein could be effectively replaced by SPC protein with phytase in diet of black sea bream.     

人工隐蔽物及投喂频率对许氏平鲉幼鱼生长和行为的影响

室内水槽实验条件下研究了许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)幼鱼(15.24 g±2.9 g)在不同光照条件下对3种人工遮蔽物的行为反应。在此基础上,通过7周的养殖实验研究了不同放养密度下(800 ind/m3,1 200 ind/m3,1 600 ind/m3),隐蔽物、投喂频率(1次/d、2次/d、3次/d、4次/d)对许氏平鲉幼鱼(0.50 g±0.02 g)生长、摄食和行为的影响。结果表明:1)实验采用的3种隐蔽物对许氏平鲉幼鱼均有明显的诱集作用,其中扇贝笼改造的隐蔽物S1诱集效果最好。2)遮光条件可以提高隐蔽物区域幼鱼的分布率,但与自然光处理组差异不显著(P0.05)。3)在实验设定的密度范围内,许氏平鲉幼鱼的终末体重、日增重率、特定生长率随密度的增大而升高。无隐蔽物条件下,低密度组的日增重率和特定生长率与中高密度组差异显著(P0.05),终末体重则显著低于高密度组(P0.05);隐蔽物的设置显著提高了中、低密度组许氏平鲉幼鱼的终末体重(P0.05),高密度组幼鱼的特定生长率和饲料转换率也有显著提高(P0.05)。4)放养密度和隐蔽物对于许氏平鲉幼鱼的生长离散影响显著(P0.05),随着放养密度的增大,幼鱼的体重变异系数呈逐渐增大趋势;相同放养密度下,放置隐蔽物的各组幼鱼生长离散均小于未放置组,其中低密度组间差异极显著(P0.01),中密度组间差异显著(P0.05)。5)3种放养密度下饱食投喂频率为1次/d处理组幼鱼的体重变异系数显著大于其他各组(P0.05),饱食投喂频率大于2次/d时,各处理组幼鱼生长离散无显著差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明,对于体重0.5~5.8 g的许氏平鲉幼鱼,当放养密度为1 200 ind/m3条件时,通过投放人工隐蔽物,选取2次/d的饱食投喂频率,可显著降低生长离散水平,并使幼鱼获得较好的生长。本研究旨在为许氏平鲉健康苗种培育及规模化生产提供科学指导和技术支撑。     

Growth and production of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) in nursery habitats of the Gulf of Alaska

Nursery areas for juvenile fishes are often important for determining recruitment in marine populations by providing habitats that can maximize growth and thereby minimize mortality. Pacific ocean perch (POP, Sebastes alutus) have an extended juvenile period where they inhabit rocky nursery habitats. We examined POP nursery areas to link growth potential to recruitment. Juvenile POP were captured from nursery areas in 2004 and 2008, and estimated growth rates ranged from ?0.19 to 0.60 g day^?1 based on differences in size between June and August. Predicted growth rates from a bioenergetics model ranged from 0.05 to 0.49 g day^?1 and were not significantly different than observed. Substrate preferences and the distribution of their preferred habitats were utilized to predict the extent of juvenile POP nursery habitat in the Gulf of Alaska. Based on densities of fish observed on underwater video transects and the spatial extent of nursery areas, we predicted 278 and 290 million juvenile POP were produced in 2004 and 2008. Growth potential for juvenile POP was reconstructed using the bioenergetics model, spring zooplankton bloom timing and duration and bottom water temperature for 1982–2008. When a single outlying recruitment year in 1986 was removed, growth potential experienced by juvenile POP in nursery areas was significantly correlated to the recruitment time‐series from the stock assessment, explaining ～30% of the variability. This research highlights the potential to predict recruitment using habitat‐based methods and provides a potential mechanism for explaining some of the POP recruitment variability observed for this population.     

许氏平鲉、大泷六线鱼临界游速与爆发游速及其生理指标的研究

利用垂直循环回流水槽和PVC水槽,分别测定了许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli、大泷六线鱼Hexagram-mos otakii的临界游速和爆发游速,并分析了鱼类游泳后对其生理指标的影响。结果表明：体长为10~22cm的许氏平鲉其临界游速为44.69~69.07 cm/s,其相对临界游速为3.11~4.69 BL/s;体长为10~22 cm的大泷六线鱼其临界游速为42.39~82.93 cm/s,其相对临界游速为3.45~4.90 BL/s;体长为10~22 cm的许氏平鲉其爆发游速为76.68~118.18 cm/s;体长为10~22 cm的大泷六线鱼其爆发游速为81.69~121.25 cm/s。根据临界游速测定结果,估算出许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼的最大游泳距离分别为6 776.4 m和7 423.2 m;根据爆发游速的测定结果估算出两种鱼的最适逃逸距离为15~25 m。临界游泳疲劳后,许氏平鲉血糖、血乳酸和肌肉乳酸含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,肌糖元、肌肉蛋白与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）;大泷六线鱼血乳酸、肌肉乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,血糖、肌糖元、肌肉蛋白含量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。爆发游泳疲劳后,许氏平鲉血糖、血乳酸、肌肉乳酸含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,肌糖元含量与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）;大泷六线鱼血糖、肌糖元、肌肉蛋白含量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,血乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,肌肉乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。     

300Hz脉冲音对许氏平鲉幼鱼的驯化效果

采用300 Hz脉冲波断续音在实验室水槽中对许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli幼鱼进行音响驯化试验。结果表明：在驯化第15天开始聚集时间减小到2 s,之后到20 d均无大变化;聚集时间从第5天开始整体呈递减趋势,驯化第16天,聚集时间达到最短（16 s）;聚集率则逐日增加,驯化第18天,聚集率达到最高,为91%,平均聚集率为83.9%;音响驯化结束10 d后再次放声,许氏平鲉开始聚集时间为3 s,聚集时间为44 s,聚集率为86.3%。由此可见,300 Hz脉冲波断续音对许氏平鲉有明显的驯化作用;许氏平鲉对驯化声音记忆力超过10 d且效果显著。     

Effects of dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on growth and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on the growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile rockfish. Triplicate groups of fish (body weight of 4.1 g) were fed the experimental diets containing either high levels of carbohydrate (HC, 35%), lipid (HL, 13%), or protein (HP, 55%) at different feeding frequencies (twice daily, once daily, and once every 2 days). Weight gain was affected by feeding frequency but not by dietary composition. Weight gain of fish fed the diets once every 2 days was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of other groups. Daily feed intake and energy intake were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency. Daily feed intake of fish fed the HC diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency and decreased with increasing feeding frequency in the same dietary composition. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the HC diet were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of fish fed the HL diet at the same feeding frequency. Whole-body lipid content of fish fed the HL diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HC and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. These results indicate that an increase of dietary lipid level compared with dietary carbohydrate level may have the advantage of a protein-sparing effect at same feeding frequency, and a once-daily feeding regime is more effective than twice daily or one feeding every 2 days to improve growth performance of juvenile rockfish grown from 4 to 21 g.     

人工鱼礁模型对大泷六线鱼和许氏平鲉幼鱼个体的诱集效果

在水槽内观测了许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli与大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii幼鱼对两种不同结构PVC材料模型礁的行为反应,并对模型礁的集鱼效果进行了统计分析.结果表明:水槽内无论有礁还是无礁,两种鱼均喜欢栖息在水槽两端的角落或侧壁,在水槽的Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区的平均出现率为20%左右;大泷六线鱼与许氏平鲉的对礁接近行动指数,在方形礁角形格底板试验B1组中分别为1.12和1.03,在十字礁角形格底板试验B2组中分别为1.16和1.05,大泷六线鱼高于许氏平鲉,两种鱼对十字礁的接近行动指数和平均出现率要略高于方形礁.