肉鸭粪便排放特征的季节性变化

本研究旨在探讨肉鸭粪便的特性,并对其不同季节的污染物排放特征进行评价,为肉鸭养殖场废弃物处理和资源化利用提供依据。分4个季节进行了北京Z型肉鸭饲养试验(饲养期37 d),记录采食量、产粪量,并定期测定饲料和粪便中水分和有机质含量及总氮(TN)、P、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:肉鸭粪便中Zn含量秋季最高, TN、P、Cu含量均为冬季最高;冬季粪便中TN含量极显著高于夏、秋两季(P0.01); P、Cu含量在冬季均极显著高于其余季节(P0.01);粪便中Cu、Zn含量均为春季最低。肉鸭粪便平均含水率为84.61%,夏季最高,春季最低;平均有机质含量为83.38%,表现为冬春秋夏。春夏秋冬四季的粪便产生量分别为338.3g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、275.9 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、317.6 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)和327.0 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1),夏季最低。TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄系数分别为2.13 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.48g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.56 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、21.10 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1);春冬两季的TN日排泄量显著高于夏秋两季; P的日排泄量表现为冬季极显著高于其余3个季节;夏季Cu的日排泄量与春季差异不显著,极显著低于秋、冬两季(P0.01)。TN在秋季排泄占比最低,春季最高;而P排泄占比为秋季最高,春季最低。肉鸭在饲养期TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄量与对应元素的摄入量具有极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。研究表明:季节因素能对肉鸭粪便中含水率、有机质、TN、P、Cu和Zn含量产生显著影响,同时各季节各元素的排泄量与相应元素的摄入量显著相关。     

Management of transboundary and straddling fish stocks in the Northeast Atlantic in view of climate‐induced shifts in spatial distribution

The introduction of 200 n.m. exclusive economic zones (EEZs) in the late 1970s required increased collaboration among neighbouring coastal states to manage transboundary and straddling fish stocks. The established agreements ranged from bilateral to multilateral, including high‐seas components, as appropriate. However, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not specify how quotas of stocks crossing EEZs should be allocated, nor was it written for topical scenarios, such as climate change with poleward distribution shifts that differ across species. The productive Northeast Atlantic is a hot spot for such shifts, implying that scientific knowledge about zonal distribution is crucial in quota negotiations. This diverges from earlier, although still valid, agreements that were predominately based on political decisions or historical distribution of catches. The bilateral allocations for Barents Sea and North Sea cod remain robust after 40 years, but the management situation for widely distributed stocks, as Northeast Atlantic mackerel and Norwegian spring‐spawning herring, appears challenging, with no recent overall agreements. Contrarily, quotas of Northern hake are, so far, unilaterally set by the EU despite the stock's expansion beyond EU waters into the northern North Sea. Negotiations following the introduction of EEZs were undertaken at the end of the last cooler Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) period, that is, with stock distributions generally in a southerly mode. Hence, today's lack of management consensus for several widely distributed fish stocks typically relates to more northerly distributions attributed to the global anthropogenic signal accelerating the spatial effect of the current warmer AMO.     

行星变速机构换挡变胞与其构态属性自动识别

针对数学表征行星变速机构换挡变胞过程及自动识别各挡位构态属性较难的问题，首先，解析了行星变速机构变胞理论，基于机构转换法定义相对转速意义下行星排构件间运动副约束函数的转换规则，构建以约束函数为元素的行星变速机构构件和关联关系的邻接矩阵；然后，根据换挡逻辑分析了操纵离合器和制动器的换挡变胞过程，基于邻接矩阵分别推导这两种换挡构态演变的变胞方程，建立包含行星排空转和整体回转等特殊构态的判别准则，结合实例分析揭示换挡变胞机理；最后，通过建立相对转速方程和行星变速机构特性参数识别，结合行星变速机构等效拓扑模型的约束条件，提出了基于构态变胞方程的行星变速机构传动比和转矩自动建模和求解方法，实现了行星变速机构各挡位构态属性的自动识别。以某拖拉机行星变速器为例进行了分析，验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Variation in prey selection and foraging success associated with early‐life ontogeny and habitat use of American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)

Many fishes are planktivorous during early life and switch to piscivory or consume larger food items as ontogeny progresses. In contrast, paddlefish start as particulate feeders and later become filter feeders. Few studies have identified food items essential for paddlefish growth, survival and recruitment surrounding this ontogenetic diet shift. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) prey types consumed by paddlefish, (ii) variability in prey selection surrounding an ontogenetic diet shift and (iii) whether habitat affected paddlefish prey selection or foraging success. We analysed gut contents of 189 wild age‐0 paddlefish from the middle Mississippi River (MMR) and also conducted a laboratory experiment to address these objectives. We found that paddlefish primarily foraged on benthic macroinvertebrates in the MMR, which differed from previous studies in lentic systems, suggesting young paddlefish prey selection may be labile depending on habitat (i.e., lotic versus lentic). Dominant prey of wild‐caught and experimental age‐0 paddlefish were caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), followed by hemipterans and amphipods. We found little evidence that habitat attributes affected foraging success, but the most common prey items consumed were associated with wing dike habitat and the upstream and downstream tips of alluvial islands. Our experimental study revealed that if provided a mixture of organisms, age‐0 paddlefish will primarily consume macroinvertebrates while age‐1 paddlefish will mainly filter zooplankton. Overall results suggest young paddlefish prey selection can be highly variable, but also heavily reliant on a narrow group of prey resources.     

Comparison of Conventional Washing Processing and pH Shift Processing on Gelation Characteristics of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Muscle Proteins

In this study, gelation characteristics of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) protein isolates prepared by pH shift processing were investigated as compared with those of surimi prepared by conventional wash processing. Results showed that the gel from alkali-aided protein isolate exhibited a higher breaking force than that from conventional washed surimi (p < 0.05). However, the gel from conventional washed surimi had higher whiteness (p < 0.05) and lower expressible moisture (p < 0.05). The rheological study showed that protein isolates exhibited different storage modulus and loss tangent patterns from conventional washed surimi during heating. Acid-aided processing could lead to higher denaturation and dissociation for fish muscle myosin and a coarser gel network from the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) pattern and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, there is a potential to apply pH shift processing, especially alkali-aided processing, to extract more proteins from bighead carp muscle for the production of surimi-based food.     

Ontogenetic resource use and trophic dynamics of endangered juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus among diversified nursery habitats in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Horseshoe crabs, the most well-known example of “living fossils”, are iconic and ecologically important macroinvertebrates in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Their blood is a crucial resource for manufacturing Limulus or Tachypleus amebocyte lysate to detect bacterial endotoxins or fungal contamination in drug and medical devices. An enhanced understanding of their ecological roles and trophic interactions in the food webs is fundamental to facilitate resource management for the declining populations in Asia. Foraging information of the Asian species, however, is mainly derived from preliminary, scattered reports from a limited number of study locations. In this study, resource utilization, trophic niche dynamics, and trophic interaction of the juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (instars 1–12, approximately 0.5–8 years old) across ontogeny was assessed in diversified nursery habitats along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results suggest that: (i) T. tridentatus are ecological generalists given the vast range of carbon isotopic values and trophic niche width estimates exhibited between multiple instar groups; (ii) juvenile T. tridentatus across most habitat types predominantly assimilated energy from a variety of basal production sources in the food web, but primarily depended on sedimentary organic matter and seagrass resource pools; (iii) ontogenetic shifts in juvenile dietary proportions were evident, with decreased reliance on sedimentary organic matter, coupled with increased reliance on benthic macroinvertebrate grazers, detritivores, and omnivores with age; and (iv) nearly all juvenile instars occupied similar trophic positions in the food web with slight shifts in trophic position present with increasing size. Our findings indicate that resource availability and ontogenetic diet shifts strongly influence horseshoe crab trophic dynamics, and age should be accounted when formulating habitat conservation measures based on resource use for Asian horseshoe crabs.     

中国饲料经济现状与营销模式转变之探

随着关键词结构性改革政策的不断推进，以及我国环保压力的不断增强，饲料行业面临着前所未有的挑战。本文以我国饲料行业为研究对象，进一步分析当前我国饲料行业的经济现状，深度挖掘目前行业的发展情况、市场宏观环境和政策背景等，并对比我国饲料行业与其他国家饲料行业的发展情况，得出目前我国饲料行业的发展困境。营销模式是企业经营发展的重点内容，高效、低成本的营销将为企业创造更大的收益，带来稳定的客源，可以说饲料企业的经济发展离不开良好的营销支持。但随着社会环境、技术发展的转变，饲料企业原有的营销模式已不能满足目前的市场环境，企业急需转变营销模式。因此，本文基于我国饲料行业的发展现状和营销模式的发展趋势提出饲料企业的营销模式转变路径，为我国饲料行业发展提供参考。 [关键词]中国饲料|经济现状|营销模式|转变     

Diets of endangered silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana,Kirtland, 1844) in Lake Erie and implications for recovery

Silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana, Kirtland, 1844) is a native Cyprinid in Lake Erie, one of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. It is listed as endangered by the US state of New York and Canada, which has a recovery plan, and as special concern by the state of Michigan. Silver chub faces a potential threat to recovery from control efforts for invasive Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes 1844). Among the knowledge gaps for protection and restoration is current diet data. I describe the diet of silver chub from western Lake Erie in 2014, and I compare it to past studies to assess changes in diet through time. Silver chub captured in bottom trawls May–September 2014 were frozen in the field, and stomach contents were preserved in ethanol. Diet taxa were identified to the lowest practical taxonomic unit, then dried and weighed. Frequency of occurrence in silver chub diets was highest for Hexagenia spp. mayflies (79%). Dreissena spp. and Hexagenia spp. were both 41% of the diet by dry weight. Analysis of δ¹³C isotopes identified Hexagenia spp. as the primary source of carbon in silver chub. Compared to past studies, Dreissena spp. have mostly replaced Sphaeriidae and Gastropoda in silver chub diets. There also have been seasonal shifts in relative amounts of shelled organisms and Hexagenia spp. This study and past research suggest a functional link between silver chub and Hexagenia spp. abundance. Maintenance and recovery of silver chub may be dependent on maintaining Hexagenia spp. populations.     

Changes to freshwater mussel assemblages after 25 years of impoundment and river habitat fragmentation

1. The Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway is among the largest and most expensive environmental engineering projects of the 20^th century. The waterway accommodates barge navigation between the Tennessee River Drainage and Mobile River Basin through a series of locks, dams, canals, and dredged and diverted streams. These structures have altered riverine habitat and fragmented lotic habitats resulting in isolated freshwater mussel populations in patches of streams such as the East Fork Tombigbee River, where 42 species were known historically.
2. The first post‐waterway mussel surveys in 1987 and 1988 reported 31 taxa. During 2010 and 2011 surveys, 70 sites were sampled using both timed searches and quadrats and detected 29 extant mussel species. Between 1988 and 2010–2011 the relative abundance of nine mussel taxa decreased, whereas the abundance of 11 taxa increased. The populations of three federally listed species were detected at levels below the detection limits in 1988 as well as three non‐native unionids that appear to have colonized the East Fork Tombigbee River via the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway River.
3. Although mussel abundance and total species richness were relatively unchanged, assemblage composition shifted toward animals typical of smaller streams rather than large rivers. This shift suggests that present‐day East Fork Tombigbee River habitats favour smaller‐bodied, thinner shelled taxa that are laterally compressed and lack shell sculpture. These taxa are likely to be better adapted to hydrologically and hydraulically variable habitats than are thick‐shelled, large bodied, and sculptured mussels.
4. The results suggest that mussel assemblages are dynamic and may exhibit predictable responses to changes in hydrology, physical habitat conditions, and stream connectivity. However, examinations over broad (20+ yr) temporal scales are needed to observe these shifts. The data demonstrate the value of regular monitoring of diverse mussel assemblages and the importance of stream connectivity and flow modifications to this long‐lived group of benthic invertebrates.

     

青岛文昌鱼自然保护区营养盐时空分布特征及富营养化评价

本研究分析了2017年9月(夏季)和11月(秋季)青岛市文昌鱼(Branchidermus fasciatus)水生野生动物市级自然保护区营养盐含量的季节变化和平面分布,并对该海域进行了富营养化评价。研究结果显示,2017年溶解无机氮(DIN)平均含量夏季高于秋季,NO_(2-)N、NH_(4-)N平均含量分别是秋季的1.98倍、1.44倍,而NO_(3-)N和PO_(4-)P平均含量低于秋季,分别是秋季的88.8%和47.6%。夏季DIN总体水平优于海水一类标准值,PO_(4-)P总体水平优于海水一类标准值;秋季DIN总体水平优于海水一类标准值,PO_(4-)P总体水平劣于海水一类标准值。从水平分布来看,夏季海水的DIN浓度分布趋势大致呈核心区实验区缓冲区的趋势;秋季海水的DIN浓度分布呈缓冲区实验区核心区。夏季N/P比值略高于Redfield比值,而秋季N/P比值较低于Redfield比值,DIN相对缺乏。根据潜在性富营养化评价模式,2017年保护区海域夏季和秋季营养水平较低,均属于贫营养水平。