用鳞片估计马来穿山甲个体数量

我国每年都能查扣到多起非法走私大量马来穿山甲鳞片进入境内的案件,由于不知如何根据鳞片来估计个体数量,而给森林公安机关立案、量刑与处罚带来极大不便。通过统计9头马来穿山甲鳞片的数目（Sm）、鲜重（Sfw）、干重（Sdw）,分别获得了以Sm、Sfw、Sdw为参数来估计马来穿山甲个体数量（N）的3个方程,它们是①Sm/929.8≤N≤Sm/681.8;②Sfw/835.4≤N≤Sfw/389.8;③Sdw/774.3≤N≤Sdw/367.9。执法部门在办理此类走私案件中能通过这些方程方便快捷地估算出走私物品的个体数量,能为同类案件的立案、量刑和处罚提供依据。     

同一病株西瓜枯萎病菌RAMS分析

利用RAMS (Random amplified microsatellites)分子标记技术对河北省不同地区的3个西瓜枯萎病病株分离物Fon1、Fon2、Fon3各10个单孢菌株进行了基因组多态性分析。10个RAMS引物进行扩增, Fon1共扩增出39条带,其中多态性条带9条;Fon2共扩增出40条带,多态性条带5条;Fon3共扩增出40条带,多态性条带4条。结果分析表明,同一病株分离物的不同单孢菌株之间在分子水平上存在遗传差异性。     

Age and growth of the largemouth perch Percichthys colhuapiensis in the Negro river, Argentine Patagonia

Largemouth perch (Percichthys colhuapiensis) represents one of the most economically important fish species in the Argentine Patagonia. However, little research has been done on the age and growth and population dynamics of this fish, though both studies are essential to properly deal with fisheries forecasts and management. As a contribution to elaborating management programmes for P. colhuapiensis, we evaluated the age and growth of this species in the Negro river via scale and whole otolith reading methods. The sample consisted of 579 specimens ranging in total length (TL) from 90 to 475 mm, captured seasonally from December 1994 to December 1995. The formation of scale annuli (end of winter) and the hyaline zone on otoliths (winter) of adult fish coincided with the beginning of the spawning season (end of winter-beginning of spring). The maximum estimated age was 11 years, which indicates that this is a relatively long-lived species. Otoliths were useful for ageing specimens 1–5 years-old, but above this age whole otoliths yielded lower age estimates than scales. Isometric growth of weight with length was found for total population, juveniles, and separate sexes (p > 0.25 in all cases). No significant differences between the length–weight relationships of sexes were observed (p > 0.10). Length at first maturity was significantly higher for males (TL₅₀ = 271 mm TL; r = 0.88) than for females (TL₅₀ = 243 mm TL; r = 0.96) (p < 0.01). Largemouth perch exhibited a consistent pattern of increase in length with age, with a period of fast growth during the first 5 years, and a slow-growing phase during the rest of his life. The growth parameters based on scale data were L∞: 462.1 mm, k = 0.23 and t₀ = −0.94 for total population, L∞: 402.3 mm, k = 0.33 and t₀ = −0.67 for males, and L∞: 548.4 mm, k = 0.15 and t₀ = −1.59 for females, whereas those based on otolith reading were L∞: 537.4 mm, k = 0.17 and t₀ = −1.0 for total population, L∞: 497.6 mm, k = 0.21 and t₀ = −0.79 for males, and L∞: 582.0 mm, k = 0.14 and t₀ = −1.53 for females. Scales are concluded to be the best structure to age P. colhuapiensis because they rendered L∞ values closer to the maximum TL observed, high precision, easiness of collection, low processing time, and the possibility of performing non-destructive monitoring studies.     

Multi-scale system approaches in agronomic research at the landscape level

Spatial multi-scale analyses of actual land use system performance as determined by spatial yield variability reveals the need for landscape research in agronomy. Main ‘drivers’ of spatial yield variability for five different crops in Honduras, Costa Rica and Ecuador were identified. It is demonstrated how they vary with spatial scales and that landscape-related factors often play a large and significant role in when the variability in yield is determined. These results indicate that landscape experiments in agronomy are relevant. Apart from empirical analysis, spatial–temporal explicit modeling of landscape process dynamics such as water and soil redistribution within a landscape can give insight in the performance of agronomic systems within a dynamic landscape context. For a case study in the South of Spain it is demonstrated how within a landscape this type of research can determine the on- and off-site effects of water and soil redistribution in agro-ecosystems. Only after a spatially explicit multi-scale system analysis and explorative landscape process modeling is completed, relevant agronomic landscape experiments can be designed.     

百合鳞片离体培养的研究

以'布鲁拉诺'、'提伯'和'索蚌'3个百合品种的鳞片为外植体,比较了不同的消毒方法、不同品种、不同取材部位及接种方法对百合鳞片离体培养的影响.结果表明,最佳的消毒方法是0.1%升汞消毒8 min,污染率较低,成活率最高,可达90.9%,且采用小鳞茎整体消毒可以有效降低污染率.不同百合品种分化小鳞茎的能力有较大差异,分化能力依次为'布鲁拉诺'＞'索蚌'＞'提伯'.百合鳞片不同部位分化小鳞茎的能力从大到小依次为下部、中部、上部.近轴面向上接种的鳞片分化能力强于远轴面向上,小鳞茎再生率最高,可达100%.     

鲢鱼鳞营养成分分析及营养学评价

[目的]了解鲢鱼鳞的营养成分,为鲢鱼鳞的食用和加工提供依据。[方法]采用生化成分分析方法对鲢鱼鳞的营养成分含量及组成进行了测定分析。[结果]鲢鱼鳞蛋白质含量为80.21%(干重),17种氨基酸总量为72.64%(干重),其中甘氨酸含量(15.98%)最高,脯氨酸含量(12.35%)次之;4种鲜味氨基酸总量为33.79%,3种支链氨基酸总量为6.36%,7种必需氨基酸总量为14.73%,占氨基酸总量20.27%。AAS和CS评分分别为0.30、0.24,必需氨基酸指数为33.34,其构成比例不符合FAO/WHO标准。鲢鱼鳞中共检测到13种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸4种,占23.18%;单不饱和脂肪酸5种,占37.78%;多不饱和脂肪酸4种,占31.55%。[结论]鲢鱼鳞中粗蛋白、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,是一种良好的鱼鳞胶和保健食品源,同时也是一种良好的动物性饲料原料。     

Age and growth in southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau): Direct estimation from otoliths, scales and vertebrae

In the early 1990s, the spawning biomass of the southern bluefin tuna (SBT) population was estimated to be less than 10% of its historical level. However, major uncertainties surrounding the age composition of the catch confounded the virtual population analysis assessment models. To eliminate these uncertainties, validated estimates of the age composition of the catch were required.We examined scales, caudal vertebrae and sagittal otoliths to determine which structure produced the most accurate age estimates in SBT. Scales proved useful for estimating ages of SBT only up to 4 years. Marginal increment analysis verified that the zones of dense circuli visible on the scales were deposited annually up to this age. In larger fish, the compression of circuli on the margin of scales and high incidence of regenerated scales made estimation of age very difficult. Obvious increments were present on both the vertebrae and otoliths. Age estimates from the two structures matched closely for the first 10 years of life. However, in larger (older) fish the counts diverged, otoliths consistently providing higher age estimates. We determined that annual increments are formed on sagittal otoliths throughout life but that this is not the case in vertebrae, where bands are formed less frequently. Thus, vertebrae were unreliable for estimating age beyond 10 years, which corresponds approximately to the age-at-first maturity.Ages were estimated from otoliths of 1121 fish from throughout the species’ size range. These data indicate that SBT live to at least 40 years of age, twice the longevity previously accepted; that age at recruitment is 1 year, not 2; and that mean age-at-maturity is approximately 11 years, not 7.The age distribution of SBT catches by the Japanese longline fishery in the Tasman Sea indicate that a significant proportion of the SBT population in this area is over 25 years of age and that cohorts spawned in the late 1970s and early 1980s are markedly under-represented in the population. The latter is thought to result from intense exploitation on these cohorts by the Australian surface fishery soon after recruitment.     

Prolonged exclusion of foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from citrus trees using controlled-release chlorpyrifos trunk bands

Abstract

Controlled-release chlorpyrifos trunk bands excluded foraging ants ( Iridomyrmex spp.) from citrus tree canopies for four growing seasons (182 and 211 weeks in two separate trials). The level of exclusion averaged 92.7% over the full period of the trials. Laboratory bioassays of weathered band material showed the bands were still toxic to ants (98 - 100% mortality) after 200 and 229 weeks. In contrast, trunk applications of lambda-cyhalothrin and a chlorpyrifos 'emulsion' were very short-lived (< 14 weeks) in their activity against foraging ants; levels of exclusion over 15 to 18 weeks averaged 46% for lambda-cyhalothrin and 23% for the chlorpyrifos 'emulsion'. The potential of controlled-release chlorpyrifos trunk bands as a practical management strategy for foraging ants in citrus groves is discussed.     

近代及现代黄河三角洲不同尺度地貌单元土壤盐渍化特征浅析

近、现代黄河三角洲近50%的土地为不同程度的盐渍化土。在土壤盐渍化过程中,地貌因素至观重要。地形的高低起伏,影响地面、地下径流的运动,土壤中的水分和盐分也就随之重新分配和积累。研究的目的是分析不同尺度下地貌单元之间土壤盐渍化特征差异及原因。为此,利用2002年5月23日到29日对近、现代黄河三角洲野外考察、GPS定点和土壤采样分析所得数据,对6个表征土壤盐渍化特征的参数(土壤的全盐量、pH值、有机质、Cl-/SO42-、HCO3-/(Cl- SO42-)、(K Na )/(Ca2 Mg2 ))进行统计分析,并进行多个独立样本的非参数检验(Kruskal-WallisTest和MedianTest),检验6个参数在同一尺度不同地貌单元之间是否有明显的差异,结果表明:(1)近、现代黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化程度严重,整体属于滨海氯化物型盐渍土类型,有机质相对缺乏,土壤偏碱性。随土层深度增加(0cm￣10cm、10cm￣30cm、30cm￣60cm),盐渍化程度逐渐减轻;(2)同一尺度下不同地貌单元之间土壤盐渍化特征存在差异。一般地,随尺度变小(从一级到四级地貌单元),土壤盐渍化特征差异越来越明显,存在差异的参数也逐渐增加。一级地貌单元只有pH值明显不同,从二级地貌单元到四级地貌单元,3个土层土壤的全盐量随不同的地貌单元而有明显的差别,且随着土层深度的增加,HCO3-/(Cl- SO42-)和(K Na )/(Ca2 Mg2 )也变得明显不同。这也说明不同地貌单元下盐分组成及离子比例、积盐、脱盐过程存在差异,且随土层深度增加差异越大。