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1.
为探讨返青期休牧对退化高寒草地植被特征及优势种光合生理的影响,本研究在祁连山区选择已实施返青期休牧6年的高寒草甸开展了植被特征及优势种光合生理相关指标的调查研究。结果表明:返青期休牧6年后,高寒草甸的植被盖度、地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤含水量较未休牧区分别增加了38.44%,985.00%,209.56%和62.62%,其优势禾草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)株高、叶片净光合速率、光化学量子效率、呼吸速率、叶面积、相对叶绿素含量和叶片氮含量分别提高了965.77%,139.86%,4.92%,269.37%,254.13%,197.02%和96.24%(P<0.05),其地上地下生物量与除叶温和光化学猝灭系数外的指标显著相关,叶片净光合速率与除叶温外的指标显著相关。因此,返青期休牧可显著增强高寒草地优势禾草的光合作用和呼吸作用,促进植物生长及退化草地的恢复。本研究为推广实施返青期休牧这一措施来恢复退化高寒草地植被提供了理论基础。  相似文献   
2.
返青期休牧为退化草地恢复中最经济可行的措施且已得到了较广泛的推广和应用,为探索返青期休牧对高寒草地植物生长及光合特性的影响,本研究于2015年开始在青海省祁连山区进行返青期休牧试验,于2018年和2019年调查并测定试验样地植物群落特征和光合生理指标。结果表明:返青期休牧4年后,草地总盖度、优势种牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)高度、地上生物量和地下生物量较未休牧分别提高了35%,777%,1140%和217%,垂穗披碱草叶绿素含量和净光合速率分别增加了172%和146%;草地总盖度、地上生物量和垂穗披碱草叶绿素含量及净光合速率在休牧第4年和休牧第5年之间差异不显著。因此,在高寒草地实施返青期休牧可提高优势牧草光合作用、促进退化草地植被的恢复,且退化草地植被在休牧一定年限后趋于稳定。本研究为青藏高原推广实施返青期休牧这一措施来恢复退化草地植被提供了理论基础。  相似文献   
3.
The study of interactions between minerals, organic matter (OM) and microorganisms is essential for the understanding of soil functions such as OM turnover. Here, we present an interdisciplinary approach using artificial soils to study the establishment of the microbial community and the formation of macro-aggregates as a function of the mineral composition by using artificial soils. The defined composition of a model system enables to directly relate the development of microbial communities and soil structure to the presence of specific constituents. Five different artificial soil compositions were produced with two types of clay minerals (illite, montmorillonite), metal oxides (ferrihydrite, boehmite) and charcoal incubated with sterile manure and a microbial community derived from a natural soil. We used the artificial soils to analyse the response of these model soil systems to additional sterile manure supply (after 562 days). The artificial soils were subjected to a prolonged incubation period of more than two years (842 days) in order to take temporally dynamic processes into account. In our model systems with varying mineralogy, we expected a changing microbial community composition and an effect on macro-aggregation after OM addition, as the input of fresh substrate will re-activate the artificial soils. The abundance and structure of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragments amplified from total community DNA were studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), respectively. The formation of macro-aggregates (>2 mm), the total organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) contents, the OC and N contents in particle size fractions and the CO2 respiration were determined. The second manure input resulted in higher CO2 respiration rates, 16S rRNA gene and ITS copy numbers, indicating a stronger response of the microbial community in the matured soil-like system. The type of clay minerals was identified as the most important factor determining the composition of the bacterial communities established. The additional OM and longer incubation time led to a re-formation of macro-aggregates which was significantly higher when montmorillonite was present. Thus, the type of clay mineral was decisive for both microbial community composition as well as macro-aggregation, whereas the addition of other components had a minor effect. Even though different bacterial communities were established depending on the artificial soil composition, the amount and quality of the OM did not show significant differences supporting the concept of functional redundancy.  相似文献   
4.
热解温度对生物质炭性质及其在土壤中矿化的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以苹果树修剪的枝条为原料,分别在300、400、500、600℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,在采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、物理化学吸附仪等手段研究其性质、结构差异的基础上,通过培养试验研究不同温度制备生物质炭的矿化特征及其对土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的碳含量、比表面积及碱性官能团的含量增加,O、H及H/C、O/C和酸性官能团、总官能团的含量则降低,生物质炭的芳香族结构加强,稳定性升高。添加生物质炭可以增加土壤呼吸速率、微生物量碳(MBC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量,且随着添加比例的增加而增加,但随着热解温度的升高而降低。生物质炭的矿化率随着热解温度升高和添加比例增加而降低。利用双库模型揭示了生物质炭对土壤活性碳库、惰性碳库及其分解速率的影响。施用生物质炭后土壤有机碳的半衰期在24.09~44.76 a之间,且随生物质炭制备温度升高而增大。考虑到生物质炭制备过程中有机碳的损失,且从提升土壤有机碳含量方面考虑,500℃为制备苹果枝条生物质炭的最佳温度。  相似文献   
5.
玉米耐涝机理研究进展   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
朱敏  史振声  李凤海 《玉米科学》2015,23(1):122-127,133
淹水胁迫是玉米生产遭受的主要逆境之一。淹水胁迫使玉米植株气体扩散受阻,叶片细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,MDA含量积累,保护酶系统受损,叶绿体降解,光合速率下降。玉米可通过生理生化机制的调节来适应淹水胁迫,包括玉米植株生长发育、形态结构、解剖结构产生明显变化,在呼吸代谢、光合作用、抗氧化系统和内源激素等方面也发生相应变化。本文从形态学、生理学、生物化学和分子生物学等方面综述玉米耐涝机理研究进展,为玉米耐涝性研究和耐涝玉米新品种选育提供参考。  相似文献   
6.
Declining rates of soil respiration are reliably observed during long-term laboratory incubations. However, the cause of this decline is uncertain. We explored different controls on soil respiration to elucidate the drivers of respiration rate declines during long-term soil incubations. Following a long-term (707 day) incubation (30 °C) of soils from two sites (a cultivated and a forested plot at Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI, USA), soils were significantly depleted of both soil carbon and microbial biomass. To test the ability of these carbon- and biomass-depleted (“incubation-depleted”) soils to respire labile organic matter, we exposed soils to a second, 42 day incubation (30 °C) with and without an addition of plant residues. We controlled for soil carbon and microbial biomass depletion by incubating field fresh (“fresh”) soils with and without an amendment of wheat and corn residues. Although respiration was consistently higher in the fresh versus incubation-depleted soil (2 and 1.2 times higher in the fresh cultivated and fresh forested soil, respectively), the ability to respire substrate did not differ between the fresh and incubation-depleted soils. Further, at the completion of the 42 day incubation, levels of microbial biomass in the incubation-depleted soils remained unchanged, while levels of microbial biomass in the field-fresh soil declined to levels similar to that of the incubation-depleted soils. Extra-cellular enzyme pools in the incubation-depleted soils were sometimes slightly reduced and did not respond to addition of labile substrate and did not limit soil respiration. Our results support the idea that available soil organic matter, rather than a lack microbial biomass and extracellular enzymes, limits soil respiration over the course of long-term incubations. That decomposition of both wheat and corn straw residues did not change after major changes in the soil biomass during extended incubation supports the omission of biomass values from biogeochemical models.  相似文献   
7.
研究了不同温度(5、10、15、20、25℃)下,气调包装的双孢蘑菇呼吸速率随贮藏时间的变化规律。结果表明,双孢蘑菇的呼吸速率随着贮藏时间的延长而不断降低,直至达到动态平衡状态。利用Langmuir吸附理论对双孢蘑菇呼吸速率的测定值进行了解析,建立了不同贮藏温度下的呼吸速率模型。结果显示,双孢蘑菇的呼吸速率随贮藏环境中O2体积分数的增加而升高,随CO2体积分数的增加而降低;最大呼吸速率随温度的增加而增加,且与贮藏温度之间满足Arrhenius方程。  相似文献   
8.
[目的]为了设计可以测定植物整体或组织、器官呼吸作用的实验装置。[方法]改进LI-6400便携式测定系统的同化室,测定时将植株放入同化室内,通过测定单位时间内同化室内二氧化碳的增加量来定量测量呼吸作用。[结果]通过公式,可以计算整棵植株的呼吸速率。[结论]这个简便的装置可准确地测量整棵植株或组织、器官的呼吸速率。  相似文献   
9.
草甘膦对土壤微生物量及呼吸强度的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
以中国褐土、黄绵土、风沙土和红壤4类土壤共10个土样为材料,较为系统地研究了草甘膦对土壤微生物量、土壤呼吸及代谢墒的影响。结果表明,在碱性土壤中,草甘膦对微生物碳和微生物氮有一定的抑制作用;在酸性土壤中,草甘膦对微生物碳和微生物氮有一定的激活作用。这揭示出土壤性质对草甘膦的毒性有重要影响,特别是pH。草甘膦对土壤呼吸有轻微激活作用,但土壤代谢熵明显增加,不利于土壤微生物的生长,从而影响土壤品质。碱性和酸性土壤受草甘膦轻度和中度污染的临界质量分数分别为43.8和219.2mg/kg及58.2和291.0 mg/kg。  相似文献   
10.
The effects of temperature and ethylene on the quality of snapdragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus L. cvs. ‘Potomac Pink’ and ‘Rocket’) after harvest were investigated. The flowers were stored dry or wet at 6 temperatures ranging from 0 to 12.5 °C for 5 days. Vase life and gravitropic bending were measured at 20 °C after storage. Respiration rates of flowers at 8 different temperatures (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20 °C) were measured continually using a computerized system. The respiration of cut snapdragon flowers increased exponentially as the temperature increased from 0 to 20 °C, with a mean Q10 of 2.6. The vase life of flowers of the ‘Potomac Pink’ cultivar stored dry at 0 °C was 10.8 days, similar to that of freshly harvested controls (10.6 days), and 4.4 days longer than that of flowers stored at 7.5 °C. When spikes were placed horizontally at 20 °C, growth became negatively gravitropic within 20 min. Bending was significantly higher than controls (stored vertically) in all flowers stored horizontally at temperatures above 5 °C. Vase life of flowers stored for 5 days at a range of temperatures then placed in an interior environment was directly correlated with respiration rate at the storage temperature. Wet storage of cut snapdragon flowers reduced the loss of quality at storage temperatures above 5 °C but the vase life of flowers stored in water at 12.5 °C was less than half that of flowers stored dry at 0 °C. Ethylene treatment caused 100% floret abscission which was prevented by pre-treatment either with 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) or with silver thiosulfate (STS), but neither of these inhibitors prevented gravitropic bending.  相似文献   
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