匙吻鲟大规格鱼种培育技术研究

2011年4月～6月，从湖北引进平均全长8mm，平均体重0．006g的匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathuk）水花50000尾，进行了大规格鱼种培育技术研究。苗种培育前期主要采用枝角类作为生物饵料，当鱼苗全长达到50mm时开始进行人工微颗粒配合饲料驯化，经一周左右驯化，鱼苗均可摄食微颗粒配合饲料。经过48d培育，鱼苗平均全长为186mm，平均体重为25．635g，存活率达57．8％，取得了较好的培育效果。     

匙吻鲟仔鱼期饵料的研究

鱼类早期生长的细微差别对其存活以及整个生活史阶段的生长，有着不可估量的影响，而摄食是影响仔鱼期生长的最重要的外界影响因子之一。在水温19．5～20．5℃下，对匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathula）仔鱼的开口时间、适宜开口饵料和投饵率进行了研究。结果表明，匙吻鲟仔鱼在6日龄初次摄食，摄食率在7—8日龄迅速升高，9—10日龄达到100％，11-13日龄略有降低，14-15日龄迅速降低，不可逆点（PNR期）出现在15日龄；以轮虫作为开口饵料，仔鱼的存活率和生长优于丰年虫和颗粒饲料组；养殖水体中轮虫密度在120—150个／mL可满足仔鱼的生长需求。     

匙吻鲟人工繁殖F2的早期发育

匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathula）属于鲟形目匙吻白鲟科匙吻鲟属，原产于北美密西西比河流域，引进我国已有十几年的历史。由于匙吻鲟的性成熟期长，我国最初引进的都是受精卵。20世纪80年代末和90年代初引进的受精卵发育成的F1代幼鱼，现在已相继达到性成熟。匙吻鲟引进我国后，一些单位在苗种培育、成鱼饲养方面作了较多工作，但在全人工繁殖条件下的胚后发育过程未见详细报道。2004年2～5月，在孝感市水产科学研究所，     

Ionic composition and osmolality of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula, Acipenseriformes) seminal fluid

Changes in ionic composition as Na⁺,K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, osmolality inseminal fluid, percentage of motile spermatozoaand velocity were investigated in response toCPP and different dosage of LHRHa. The lowestvelocity of sperm was observed after use CPPtreatment. The velocity of spermatozoa,significant main effect of the treatment(P < 0.0001) and the time of sperm collection(P < 0.0104) were evaluated. The osmolality ofseminal fluid was different betweenexperimental groups of LHRHa (48.0–62.7mOsmol.kg^–1) and CPP (33.0–46.3mOsmol.kg^–1) treatments. The osmolalitywas significantly higher on the first day andone-half, then declined on day three, rangingfrom 33.0 to 62.7 mOsmol.kg^–1. Analysisof variance showed significant main effects ofthe treatment (P < 0.0001) and the time ofsperm collection (P < 0.0002) on the osmolalityof seminal fluid. The level of Na⁺ andK⁺ ion was different between experimentalgroups of LHRHa and CPP treatment. The highestconcentration of 11.11 mmol.l^–1 wasobserved at Na⁺ ion. Then theconcentrations declined on the level 1.56, 0.52and 0.36 mmol.l^–1 for K⁺, Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ ions, respectively. There werehighly positive correlations between osmolalityof seminal fluid and dosage of LHRHa treatment(r = 0.84), velocity of spermatozoa andosmolality of seminal fluid (r = 0.57) andosmolality of seminal fluid and Na⁺concentration at seminal fluid (r = 0.70).Injection with LHRHa increased quality of spermas velocity of sperm, level of Na⁺,K⁺ and osmolality at seminal fluidcompared to CPP treatments.     

杂交鲟和匙吻鲟HSP70 cDNA克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR法从杂交鲟(♀Huso huso×♂Acipenserschrencki)和匙吻鲟(Polyodonspathula)肝脏RNA克隆获得HSP70基因的全长cDNA(HSP70 cDNA)。所测定的HSP70 cDNA序列与NCBI/GenBank上登载的鲫(GenBank No.DQ872648)同源性最高,杂交鲟和匙吻鲟分别达96%和98%,杂交鲟HSP70序列为382 bp,匙吻鲟为334 bp。将杂交鲟和匙吻鲟与其它脊椎动物HSP70氨基酸序列用DNAstar软件进行相似度比较,鱼类与哺乳动物、两栖类非洲爪蟾之间HSP70氨基酸序列相似度平均值分别为86.2%和86.8%。鱼类之间的氨基酸序列相似度较大,平均为93.8%,表现出较高的保守性。以HSP70核苷酸序列为分子标记,用MEGA4软件中最大简约法(MP)构建了12个物种HSP70系统发育树,识别出3个大的单系类群:杂交鲟、匙吻鲟、团头鲂、鲫、鲤、斑马鱼聚为类群一(bootstrap 96);虹鳟和大西洋鲑聚为类群二(bootstrap 100);人类和褐家鼠类聚为类群三(bootstrap 89)。     

匙吻鲟摄食器官数量性状胚后发育研究

匙吻鲟摄食器官发育期较长,全长６５．５ｍｍ,以前为仔稚鱼期,摄食方式为吞食,适口饵料粒径大于０．３ｍｍ,阶段口径,口宽及齿的数量发育较快。全长６５．５ｍｍ后开始出现鳃耙,其长度及过滤面积呈幂函数增长,显示具有较强的过滤能力。滤食阶段,鳃耙间距小于０．１ｍｍ,饵料规格与鳙相似。本文对匙吻鲟口及鳃耙数量发育进行了回归分析,并探讨了其摄食器官数量性状与食性变化的关系。     

饲料蛋白水平对匙吻鲟幼鱼肌肉营养成分及消化酶活力的影响

配制蛋白水平34.16%、36.53%、39.10%和41.08%的4种等能半精制饲料,在水温28～32℃条件下,饲喂体质量(19.91±3.73)g的匙吻鲟45d,研究饲料蛋白水平对匙吻鲟肌肉营养成分和消化酶(酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶)活性的影响。结果显示,41.08%组体质量显著高于36.53%组,其余各组体质量差异不显著;肌肉粗蛋白含量随着饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加,各组肌肉水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著;酸性蛋白酶和肝胰脏碱性蛋白酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加,而肠道碱性蛋白酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加而降低;消化道α-淀粉酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加而降低,而肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力表现出相反的趋势;饲料蛋白水平对消化道和肝胰脏脂肪酶活力影响不显著,各组脂肪酶活力差异不显著。试验结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对匙吻鲟肌肉粗蛋白含量、酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶都会产生显著影响;饲料蛋白水平为39.10%比较适宜。     

池塘与网箱养殖匙吻鲟肌肉营养成分及品质评价

对池塘和网箱养殖匙吻鲟肌肉营养成分及营养品质进行了比较研究。结果表明,池塘组肌肉粗蛋白和粗灰分含量高于网箱组(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量低于网箱组(P<0.05);池塘组和网箱组肌肉必需氨基酸构成比例均符合FAO/WHO的标准,必需氨基酸中都是赖氨酸(Lys)含量最高;池塘组鲜味氨基酸总量(∑DAA)低于网箱组(P<0.05);根据氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS),池塘组和网箱组的第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸(Val)和蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸(Met+Cys);池塘组∑MUFA含量高于网箱组(P<0.05),而∑SFA和∑PUFA含量低于网箱组(P>0.05);池塘组∑n-3PUFAs/∑n-6PUFA值低于网箱组(P<0.05),后者是前者的4.6倍;池塘组EPA+DHA值低于网箱组(P<0.05)。研究表明,网箱组匙吻鲟更符合人类健康饮食的要求,具有较高的营养价值。     

Management of paddlefish fry and juveniles in Bulgarian conditions

When paddlefish larvae were reared in tanks and fed on zooplankton, a length of 12–15 cm and a weight of 9.2 g had been obtained by the second month after hatching. After a further 2-months of pond rearing, the survival rate was 48%, and the juveniles had reached an average weight of 27.74 g and length of 22.5 cm. Much better growth rate was achieved when both paddlefish fry and juveniles were reared only on artificial food in tanks. At the end of the first month, a weight of 11.6 g had been reached; at the second month the paddlefish weight was 33.29 g, at the third month it was 60.2 g, and at the fourth month it was 127.7 g. There were two cases in which, respectively, 1,000 and 1,500 paddlefish with an average body weight of 33–60 g were stocked in a reservoir. At the age 5 months the fish had reached, or exceeded, an average weight of 500 g, and, after 1 year, it was over 700 g, which is an indicator of the good rearing opportunities this reservoir offered.     

生态培育匙吻鲟鱼苗试验

本实验是将过滤后的养成鱼池上层水做为培育匙吻鲟鱼苗的水源,采用纯氧放苗技术培育匙吻鲟苗,养殖过程适时补充瓶装纯氧.结果表明:50000尾匙吻鲟水花苗(体长7mm～9mm),经22天培育,共出池5cm左右苗种39999尾,培苗存活率达到80.0%.