色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林下灌木群落空间格局及其与倒木关联性分析

分析西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林下灌木群落的空间分布格局及其与倒木的关联性，探讨该森林生态系统内灌木的分布规律，并从空间分布格局角度量化倒木对灌木分布的影响。以色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林下灌木和倒木为研究对象，通过典型样地调查，用点格局法分析其空间分布格局以及与倒木的关联性。结果表明:1）样地内共有灌木7种，总密度730株·hm^-2，不同灌木种群分密度依次为杯萼忍冬（359株·hm^-2）>长尾槭（185株·hm^-2）>西南花楸（61株·hm^-2）>猴斑杜鹃（55株·hm^-2）>冰川茶藨子（53株·hm^-2）>光秃绣线菊（株·hm^-2）>峨眉蔷薇（株·hm^-2）；2）在0~50 m空间尺度内，冰川茶藨子、猴斑杜鹃、长尾槭、杯萼忍冬以集群分布为主要特征；西南花楸以随机分布为主要特征，只是在个别尺度呈现显著的集群分布；3）Ⅰ腐烂等级倒木与灌木在0~50 m空间尺度上呈显著的负关联，倒木整体与灌木及Ⅱ~Ⅴ腐烂等级倒木与灌木在0~50 m空间尺度上均无显著关联。不同灌木种群因对环境的适应性不同而具有不同的空间分布格局，灌木空间格局形成的生态过程及倒木对灌木空间分布的影响均具有复杂性。     

‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacements with three vegetable oils on growth,fatty acid composition,antioxidant capacity,serum parameters and expression of lipid metabolism related genes in juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis

Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), algae oil from Schizochytrium sp. (AO), mixed oil (MO, SO:LO:AO = 1:1:1) and fish oil (FO; control group) were selected to feed juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis (initial weight 1.86 ± 0.07 g) for eight weeks. The results showed that in the LO and FO groups fish grew best. There was no significant difference in specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) between the MO and FO groups (p > .05). The highest contents of 18:2n‐6, 18:3n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 in liver and muscle were found with the SO, LO and AO groups, respectively (p < .05). There appeared the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the lowest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the fish liver of the AO group. There appeared the highest concentrations of serum glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) in the SO group. The expressions of lipid anabolism genes were significantly up‐regulated by dietary SO and LO (p < .05). The expressions of lipid catabolism genes were significantly higher with the AO, MO and FO groups (p < .05). This study recommended that LO or MO as a better vegetable oil source for juvenile O. macrolepis.     

河道淤泥和堆肥蛭石混合发酵制备基质及其育苗效果

农村河道清淤产生的淤泥,体量大、有机物浓度高,处置不当会造成二次污染。现代农业的工厂化育苗需求大量的营养土,就地取土导致耕地退化。该研究利用功能微生物发酵淤泥制备育苗基质,研究不同菌株发酵基质的物理和生物学性状,基质培育西瓜苗的生长、生理参数和抗逆性能。结果表明:微生物处理均能够提升淤泥基质物理和生物学性能,同时能够提升育苗质量。其中Trichoderma harzianum T83(T83)、Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IAE(BIAE)菌株发酵基质性能最好。相较于对照处理基质的最大持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度,T83处理分别增加了64.25%、52.65%、45.05%、56.11%;BIAE处理分别增加了101.17%、45.43%、61.43%、38.14%。相较于对照处理西瓜苗的株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、根系活力、根际真菌、细菌数量,T83处理分别增加了66.85%、52.07%、72.16%、43.13%、54.93%、110.62倍、1.63倍;BIAE处理分别增加了80.40%、57.34%、82.37%、54.88%、46.40%、67.26%、2.60倍、2.94倍。T83和BIAE处理西瓜苗叶片过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶酶活显著增加,根系丙二醛含量显著降低。真菌菌株T. harzianum T83和细菌菌株B. amyloliquefaciens IAE发酵淤泥,能够显著提升其农用品质,为淤泥高附加值化农用提供一条可行的途径。     

狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物对棉铃虫卵和幼虫的生物活性

为筛选安全高效的棉铃虫防治药剂,选用狭叶菖蒲Acorus calamus var.angustatus乙醇提取物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera卵和幼虫的触杀活性、胃毒作用、拒食效果和生长抑制作用进行了测定,同时以0.5%藜芦碱为药剂对照,对比分析狭叶菖蒲提取物的杀虫效果。结果表明,狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物对棉铃虫3龄幼虫有显著的触杀、胃毒、拒食和生长抑制活性以及杀卵效果,且生物活性随浓度升高和处理时间延长而增加;狭叶菖蒲提取物对棉铃虫触杀活性、胃毒活性、杀卵活性的致死中浓度LC_(50)分别为20.50、19.26和31.39 mg/m L,对棉铃虫生长抑制中浓度EC_(50)和拒食中浓度AFC_(50)分别为7.15、10.43 mg/m L;0.5%藜芦碱药剂对棉铃虫触杀活性、胃毒活性和杀卵活性LC_(50)分别为12.19、16.90和29.87 mg/m L,对棉铃虫EC_(50)和AFC_(50)分别为3.99、8.32 mg/m L,均低于菖蒲根茎提取物。气相色谱-质谱分析结果显示,狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物主要成分为α-细辛醚、β-细辛醚、菖蒲酮和白千层醇。表明狭叶菖蒲乙醇提取物有开发为新型植物源农药的潜力。     

农户关联对特色农业种植农户支持度的影响

为研究村民关系对特色农业种植农户支持度的影响,本文以甘肃省武威市凉州区为例,运用李克特量表法进行实地调研,采用结构方程模型构建了农户关联和农户支持测量维度体系,并度量了农户关联对特色农业种植农户支持度的影响,以期提升农户对特色农业的种植,增加农户收入。结果表明：(1)将农户关联维度划分为情感关联、认知关联、经济关联和行动关联,将农户支持度分为农户决策支持、行动支持和效益支持具有一定的理论意义。(2)农户关联对特色农业种植农户支持度的影响有显著的正相关关系,农户关联的高低决定了特色农业种植农户支持度的大小。     

基于SSR分子标记的Nicotiana tobacum–N.plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株的鉴定与筛选

以烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)品种云烟87的八倍体(2n=8x=96)和野生烟草N. plumbaginifolia (2n=2x=20)的基因组DNA为模板,对340对烟草SSR引物进行筛选以获得能扩增多态性条带的引物。利用多态性引物对种间杂交后代及190株回交后代的基因组DNA进行扩增,并对N.plumbaginifolia中的SSR标记的连锁情况进行简要分析。经筛选获得了多态性引物29对。结果显示,在190株后代中, 159株的基因组DNA能扩增出N. plumbaginifolia的特异SSR位点,可以判定该159株为N. tabacum的N. plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株,其余31株植株可能不含有N. plumbaginifolia的染色体。经UPGMA聚类分析,本群体中植株的遗传多样性较为丰富,部分分子标记在后代中的出现具有完全相关性。29个标记中14个可确定来源于5条不同染色体,N.plumbaginifolia的29个位点在回交后代中的扩增效率并不相同,且效率均较低(低于31.00%),说明该杂种中N. plumbaginifolia基因组的垂直传递效率较低。利用SSR分子标记可以判定云烟87八倍体与N.plumbaginifolia杂交获得的后代为真杂种,且自该远缘杂种回交后代中筛选获得大量异源染色体植株。这些结果和筛选获得异源染色体植株为进一步创制N.tabacum-N.plumbaginifolia抗黑胫病单体附加系以及易位系奠定了基础。     

物理气调法片烟养护及醇化效果研究

为进一步加深对物理气调法的了解,研究了物理气调法片烟养护效果及片烟醇化品质随时间的变化规律。结果表明,物理气调法能使堆垛内氧气浓度稳定保持在适宜片烟醇化范围内。使用物理气调法时,堆垛内相对湿度对外界湿度条件的敏感性较低,有利于在高湿条件下防止烟叶受潮霉变。在12个月的醇化周期内,片烟绿原酸、芸香苷、叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素等香气前体物含量呈氧化分解下降趋势,片烟的醇化过程朝着改善品质的方向进行。物理气调法经低氧处理再将氧气浓度回调至15%~21%的处理片烟感官品质最佳;与化学气调法相比,物理气调法更有利于提升片烟醇化质量。