实验条件下1龄锦绣龙虾的生长特性

通过对不同生长时期锦绣龙虾(Panulirus ornatus)月生长指标的测定,建立了1龄锦绣龙虾的生长模型。锦绣龙虾的体长(L)—体质量(W)的相关式为:W=0.034 8L3.066 3;体长(L)和头胸甲长(CL)的相关式:L=2.772 2CL+0.337 9,得出锦绣龙虾的体长生长方程:Lt=37.498×(1-e-0.076 77(t-0.055 84)),体质量生长方程:Wt=2 333.24×(1-e-0.076 7 7(t-0.055 84))3.066 3,体长生长速度方程为:dL/dt=2.879 8×e-0.076 77(t-0.055 84),体质量生长速度方程为:dW/dt=549.244 3×e-0.076 77(t-0.055 84)(1-e-0.076 77(t-0.055 84))2.066 3。计算出其拐点年龄(Tr=ln3/k+t0)为14.65个月。说明锦绣龙虾体长在前期生长较快,而后期生长缓慢;体质量前期生长较慢,后期较快;体质量增长速度曲线呈不对称的S曲线,并具拐点,在拐点处其体质量增长速度能达到最大值79.24 g/月。本研究旨在为锦绣龙虾的合理开发利用提供科学参考。     

Absorption of dissolved and dispersed nutrients from sea-water by Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae

This study examined the capacity of Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus phyllosoma larvae to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding water. For this purpose, 48-, 81-, 124-, 160-, and 264-day-old intermoult larvae were starved for 48 h, held for 30 min to 4 h in 0.05 g L^–1 solutions or dispersions of cholesterol, peanut oil, saccharose and horseradish peroxidase in seawater, and subsequently examined by histological and ultrastructural methods. Lipids, carbohydrate, and protein were detected in either the lumen of the midgut gland tubules, the midgut gland cells, the haemolymph or in the cells of the epidermis of all larvae examined after each experimental period, with general improvement of the cell and tissue characteristics over unfed controls. The lipids were also found in the cuticle. Thus, the results provide evidence of nutrient absorption via the digestive tract, and possibly also via the integument. Structural adaptations that may be involved in the process of absorption were tentatively identified. Our observations suggest the possibility that particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be utilized by the P. japonicus phyllosoma larvae, perhaps as supplementary sources of nutrients to macroscopic diets.     

An evaluation of potential diets for the culture of postpueruli spiny lobsters Panulirus argus (Palinuridae)

Provision of a suitable feed is paramount for the ongoing success of spiny lobster culture. This study compared and evaluated the performance of seven diets for first instar juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus [5–6 mm carapace length (CL)] based on growth rates, survival, and feed conversion ratio. Results demonstrated that a seafood-based juvenile formulation produced the fastest growth rate (3.49% weight gain day⁻¹ and 0.90% CL increase day⁻¹ over a 28-day period). These growth rates were also reflected by a low feed conversion rate (3.04) for this formulated feed. Similar results were also obtained for juveniles fed a frozen seafood diet, however, frozen brine shrimp, Artemia salina (both enriched and un-enriched), frozen enriched mysis shrimp, a dry pellet, and a meal-based juvenile formulation did not produce consistent growth rates. Survival rates ranged between 38% and 85% and demonstrate that juvenile lobsters have better likelihoods of survival in captive culture environments compared to the wild. Although further nutritional refinement is recommended, the results from this research have significant implication for the possible expansion of juvenile spiny lobster growout to a larger scale.     

Pueruli of Panulirus longipes bispinosus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palinuridae) stranded on the beach of Kuroshima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan

ABSTRACT: Stranded organisms were observed on the sandy beach of Kuroshima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, in the early morning of 28 January 1993. Stranded organisms of 525 individuals were classified into 74 species. These organisms included 13 individuals of Panulirus pueruli, which were identical to P. longipes bispinosus. Kuroshima Island is located near Ishigakijima and Iriomote islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, where coral reefs develop. Coral reefs are common and develop in the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan, with the exception of Yakushima and Tanegashima islands. Panulirus japonicus in Japanese waters has not been found in coral reef regions where P. longipes bispinosus are mainly found. The present study describes and identifies to species level puerulus specimens that were stranded on the beach of Kuroshima Island.     

光镜及扫描电镜下波纹龙虾血淋巴细胞的形态及其分类

光镜及扫描电镜下,研究波纹龙虾血淋巴细胞的组织学结构、形态学特征和数量。根据细胞质中颗粒存在与否,颗粒数量的多少,细胞体积的大小及外部形态,对波纹龙虾的血淋巴细胞进行分类。结果表明,光镜下波纹龙虾的血淋巴细胞有3种类型:无颗粒细胞,小颗粒细胞,大颗粒细胞;这3种血淋巴细胞不是连续发育过程中血淋巴细胞的不同阶段,而是彼此独立的。3种血淋巴细胞的数量占循环血淋巴细胞总量的比例分别为:无颗粒细胞占57.1%,大颗粒细胞占24.9%,小颗粒细胞占18.0%;在扫描电镜下,细胞表面不平,有各种突起,揭示细胞具有活跃的变形运动和吞噬能力。血淋巴细胞形态有球形、卵圆形和椭圆形。     

Feeding has the largest effect on the ammonia excretion rate of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii and Panulirus cygnus, was determined in relation to temperature, body weight, emersion, daily rhythm and feeding. Temperature and body weight had large influences on the rate of TAN excretion. Exponential relationships were found between temperature (T) and TAN excretion of both species. These were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.041T−3.57 (r²=0.979, F=143.2, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.057T−3.90 (r²=0.987, F=302.2, P<0.001). TAN excretions of both species were positively correlated to body weight (W), and the relationships were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.473 log₁₀ W−1.704 (r²=0.42, F=14.05, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.499 log₁₀ W−1.346 (r²=0.69, F=44.18, P<0.001). TAN excretion increased significantly when lobsters were re-immersed after a 30 min period of emersion. However, it returned to pre-emersion levels by the second hour of re-immersion. Daily rhythm resulted in a significantly higher nocturnal TAN excretion rate for J. edwardsii; no daily rhythm was observed for P. cygnus. Feeding had the largest influence on TAN excretion, with maximum increases of 6.28 (J. edwardsii) and 5.60 (P. cygnus) times the pre-feeding level. TAN excretion rates remained significantly higher than the pre-feeding levels for an extended period (26 h, J. edwardsii; 30 h, P. cygnus). Implications for the use of purging tanks in lobster holding facilities and for the design of biofiltration systems are discussed.     

反应温度对中国龙虾消化酶活力的影响

采用酶学分析方法研究了反应温度对中国龙虾胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力的影响．结果表明,在设定的反应温度范围内,中国龙虾各消化酶的活力均随反应温度的升高呈现先上升后降低的变化趋势．其中,胃、肠、肝胰腺内,胃蛋白酶最适反应温度分别为31、39、31—47℃;类胰蛋白酶最适反应温度均为39℃;淀粉酶和纤维素酶最适反应温度均为23℃;脂肪酶最适反应温度分别为23、31、31℃．中国龙虾的消化酶活力存在器官特异性．在最适反应温度下,中国龙虾不同消化器官内各消化酶的活力顺序为胃蛋白酶：胃》肠》肝胰腺,类胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶：肝胰腺》肠》胃,纤维素酶：肝胰腺≈肠〉胃,淀粉酶：肠≥肝胰腺≥胃;中国龙虾各消化酶在同≈消化器官内的活力顺序为胃内：纤维素酶≈胃蛋白酶≥类胰蛋白酶≈淀粉酶≥脂肪酶,肠内：纤维素酶≥类胰蛋白酶≈淀粉酶≈胃蛋白酶》脂肪酶,肝胰腺内：纤维素酶≥类胰蛋白酶≥淀粉酶≈胃蛋白酶≈脂肪酶．     

Fatty acid profiles of spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) phyllosoma fed enriched Artemia

Three different life stages of spiny lobster larvae (phyllosoma) of Panulirus homarus were fed A1‐Selco‐enriched Artemia in two culture treatments, one with the microalgae Nannochloropsis salina (green water) and the other without the microalgae (clear water) to assess the ability to manipulate their fatty acid composition. Phyllosoma fed with 3‐h A1‐Selco‐enriched Artemia salina attained Stage VIII (5.3 mm) and Stage V (3.4 mm) in 42 days in the green and clear water treatments respectively. The higher content of the essential fatty acids in N. salina (eicosapentaenoic acid, 25.8%; arachidonic acid, 9.5%; and docosahexaenoic acid, 4.2%) in the green water system increased the fatty acid content of the live food Artemia, and ultimately the phyllosoma. In spite of phyllosoma being fed with enriched Artemia in the clear water system, the total polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the early (Stages I–III) and mid stage (Stages IV–V) phyllosoma were significantly smaller (18.8% and 14.6% respectively) (P<0.05) than in the green water system (25.3% and 21.2% respectively). These results indicate the positive role of the microalgae in boosting the essential fatty acid content of lobster larvae.     

Larval molting and growth of the Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus under laboratory conditions

ABSTRACT:   Ten newly hatched phyllosoma of Panulirus japonicus were cultured individually to monitor body length ( BL ) and intermolt period, and 2000 were cultured in groups to sample specimens for measurement of body weight. Phyllosoma were fed with Artemia and mussel gonad; the culture seawater temperature was 24–26°C. The individually cultured phyllosoma showed an increment in body length by the first molt of approximately 0.5 mm, and the molt increment increased to approximately 1 mm at 5 mm BL ; it was constant to 15 mm BL . Thereafter, the molt increment increased exponentially. The duration of the first instar was 6–7 days. Instar duration increased with development up to approximately 2 weeks at the 20th instar (∼16 mm BL ) and then became constant. Of the 10 larvae reared individually, five metamorphosed to the puerulus stage. The entire phyllosoma life ranged from 245–326 days (mean 289.0 days), and the number of instars ranged from 22–29 (mean 26.2). Body length in the final instar ranged from 28.50–33.10 mm (mean 30.280 mm). For the phyllosoma cultured in groups, relationships between BL and wet/dry body weights ( WW / DW , mg) were expressed as exponential equations: WW  = 0.0686 BL ^2.2023 and DW  = 0.0209 BL ^2.1905.