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Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.  相似文献   
3.
采用地下管道进行土壤增温5℃与透明U型管隔离降水50%的方法,人工模拟21世纪末全球气候变暖大环境下闽西北中亚热带地区杉木的生长环境。借助生物数码显微图像分析系统测定了土壤增温隔水处理对杉木幼林材管胞形态的影响规律。结果表明,土壤增温5℃极显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞长度、宽度、腔径和长宽比,显著提高了杉木幼林材管胞壁腔比,而对杉木幼林材管胞壁厚影响不显著;隔离降水50%极显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞宽度、壁厚和腔径,极显著提高了杉木幼林材管胞长宽比,而对杉木幼林材管胞长度、壁腔比影响不显著;土壤增温5℃且隔离降水50%极显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞的壁厚,显著降低了杉木幼林材管胞的长宽比;土壤增温对杉木幼林材管胞形态的影响总体上大于隔离降水。研究结果为全球变暖大环境下杉木人工林木材品质定向培育及其合理利用提供理论依据。  相似文献   
4.
Since its invasion into China in 1979, the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, has spread from Dandong city (about 40°N) in Liaoning Province to Nanjing city (about 32°N) in Jiangsu Province, and to other areas. Owing to geographic and latitudinal gradients in temperature, H. cunea will encounter temperature changes during the spreading process. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that autumn warming accelerates the energy consumption of H. cunea diapause pupae. We found that, after autumn warming, the body size and mass of diapause pupae decreased significantly and raised constant temperature accelerated carbohydrate and protein consumption in female pupae, while fluctuating temperature changes had a more pronounced effect on carbohydrate and protein consumption in male pupae. Contrary to expectations, the lipid content of diapause pupae did not decrease after autumn warming, and even increased significantly. We conclude that warming in autumn accelerates energy consumption by diapause pupae, and the autumn energy consumption of diapause pupae is dominated by carbohydrates, supplemented by protein when carbohydrates are overconsumed, while lipid use is dominated by anabolic metabolism during autumn.  相似文献   
5.
We have extracted information on the habitats of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by matching the spatial‐temporal distribution of catch and effort of purse seine and longline fleets collected by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission with oceanographic conditions and subjecting the matched data to Quotient Analysis and General Additive Models (GAMs). These analyses yielded the following results. The habitats defined by the GAM analysis of young fish differ significantly between two periods, one before and one after the introduction of fish aggregation devices (FADs). This was not true for the older fish caught by longline. We speculate that these changes were caused by the extensive use of FADs. Younger bigeye and yellowfin caught by the purse seine fleet have a different preference of environmental variables compared to older fish caught by longline. This is to be expected since tuna of different age groups have different sizes, metabolic capabilities and swimming skills. Moreover, as revealed by GAMs, the habitats of young fish differ between species to a much larger degree than those of older fish. Our results indicate the fundamental differences between fishing methods, targeted species, and operating region of the two fisheries. Specifically, young bigeye occupy equatorial waters farther from the coast and where the hypoxic layer is deeper, young skipjack occupy more productive waters associated with equatorial and coastal upwelling, and young yellowfin occupy broad areas where waters are underlain by a shallow hypoxic layer.  相似文献   
6.
稻田被认为是温室气体CH_4和N_2O的主要排放源之一。湖北省江汉平原地区水稻常年种植面积约8×105 hm2,占湖北省水稻种植面积的40%左右。研究江汉平原地区稻田温室气体排放特征,对于评估区域稻田温室气体排放以及稻田温室气体减排具有重要意义。目前,DNDC模型已被广泛应用于模拟和估算田间尺度的温室气体排放,DNDC模型与地理信息系统(Arc GIS)结合,可进行区域尺度的温室气体排放模拟与估算。本研究以湖北省典型稻作区江汉平原为研究区域,运用DNDC模型模拟和估算江汉平原稻田区域尺度的温室气体排放。设置大田定点观测试验,监测中稻-小麦(RW)、中稻-油菜(RR)、中稻-冬闲(RF)3种种植模式下稻田温室气体CH_4和N_2O的周年排放特征。通过田间观测值与DNDC模拟值的比较进行模型验证,并利用获取DNDC模型所需的气象、土壤、作物及田间管理等区域数据,模拟江汉平原稻田不同种植模式下温室气体CH_4和N_2O的排放量。田间试验表明,江汉平原稻田RW、RR和RF模型的CH_4排放通量为-2.80~39.78 mg·m-2·h-1、-1.74~42.51 mg·m-2·h-1和-1.57~55.64 mg·m-2·h-1,N_2O周年排放通量范围分别为0~1.90 mg·m-2·h-1、0~1.76mg·m-2·h-1和0~1.49 mg·m-2·h-1;CH_4排放量RW和RR模式显著高于RF模式,N_2O排放量为RF显著低于RW和RR模式。模型验证结果表明,不同种植模式温室气体排放实测值与模拟值比较的决定系数(R2)为0.85~0.98,相对误差绝对值(RAE)为8.29%~16.42%。根据DNDC模型模拟和估算的结果,江汉平原区域稻田CH_4周年的排放量为0.292 9 Tg C,N_2O周年的排放量为0.009 2 Tg N,不同种植模式稻田CH_4排放量表现为RWRRRF,N_2O排放量表现为RWRFRR,增温潜势(GWP)表现为RWRRRF。不同地区稻田CH_4排放量表现为监利县荆门市公安县天门市仙桃市洪湖市松滋市汉川市潜江市石首市荆州市江陵县赤壁市嘉鱼县,N_2O排放量表现为监利县荆门市公安县洪湖市仙桃市天门市汉川市潜江市松滋市荆州市江陵县赤壁市石首市嘉鱼县。本研究结果表明DNDC模型能较好地应用于模拟江汉平原稻田温室气体排放,RR和RF模式相比RW模式可有效减少温室气体CH_4和N_2O的排放。  相似文献   
7.
Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) was stored chilled for 8 days. The evolution of fluorescence of the aqueous and organic extracts of muscle during storage at 4°C was studied and correlated with common damage indices; pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, free fatty acids, and the fluorescence intensity of the aqueous phase showed a good correlation with storage time. The excitation-emission matrices of the aqueous extracts were also obtained. A fluorescence landscape that could be attributed to tryptophan decreased with storage time, meanwhile a peak (around 340 and 400 nm for excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively) is developed during chilled storage.  相似文献   
8.
气候变化对中国水稻生产的影响研究进展   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
水稻生产系统是响应气候变化最敏感的农业生态系统之一,本文综述了当前和未来气候变化对我国水稻生产的影响。气候变化背景下,我国水稻生长季的热量资源增多,辐射资源减少,降水不均一性加大。高温热害、干旱、暴雨和洪涝灾害发生更频繁,这可能降低水、热资源的有效性。气候变化使我国单季稻和双季稻潜在种植边界显著北移,导致单季稻、早稻和晚稻的主要生育期缩短。基于统计模型和水稻生长模型的研究结果表明,如果不考虑品种改良和栽培技术的进步,气候变化使单季稻、早稻和晚稻产量下降,但不同稻作区和方法间存在差异。我国水稻生产重心北移、实测生育期延长和产量增加的变化趋势,反映了水稻生产系统通过种植分布调整、品种改良和技术改进来适应气候变化的能力。未来气候变化将进一步导致水稻生育期缩短和产量下降,对我国水稻生产和粮食安全带来严峻挑战。仍需加强气候变化影响机制的研究及其在影响评估中的应用,减小影响评估的不确定性并增加其系统性,为制定有效的应对策略提供可靠的理论支持。  相似文献   
9.
目的 长江中游地区是我国双季稻主产区,系统分析双季稻生产碳足迹构成对于该地区农业的固碳减排和发展低碳农业具有重要的意义。方法 基于农业碳足迹理论及生命周期评价法,采用问卷调查方式定量研究长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹,分析其构成因素,解析长江中游地区双季稻生产肥料、灌溉投入以及碳足迹与水稻产量的关系。【内容】长江中游地区双季稻单位产量、单位生物量、单位产值碳足迹分别为0.67 kg/kg、0.35 kg/kg和0.27 kg/元,随着产量的增加呈现显著降低的趋势。CH4排放、柴油、肥料为长江中游地区双季稻生产碳排放主要来源,分别占双季稻生产碳足迹的66.2%、13.1%和10.9%。早稻和晚稻生产分别有22.4%和36.7%的地块氮肥投入过量,28.4%和33.5%的地块灌溉投入过量且产量较低,存在着较大的节能减排潜力。种植规模与碳足迹呈现显著负相关关系。与小规模双季稻种植相比,大规模早稻和晚稻种植单位产量碳足迹分别降低了29.7%和37.2%。这项研究表明,作物生产的碳足迹可能受到农场规模、气候条件以及作物管理实践的影响。结论 因此,适当减少双季稻种植面积并发展水稻节肥节水及免耕技术,构建规模化的低碳种植模式必将成为未来长江流域双季稻生产应对气候变化发展低碳农业的重要举措。  相似文献   
10.
双季优质稻产量和品质形成对开放式主动增温的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的 水稻是我国最重要的口粮作物。明确气候变暖对双季优质稻产量和稻米品质的影响对我国粮食安全至关重要。方法 采用稻田开放式远红外主动增温系统,早稻以金早47(常规籼稻)、两优287(杂交籼稻),晚稻以象牙香珍(常规籼稻)、万象优华占(杂交籼稻)和甬优5550(杂交粳稻)为材料,设置全生育期增温和全生育期不增温2个处理,分别测定双季优质稻的产量、产量构成和稻米品质。结果 与不增温相比,全生育期増温(1.3℃ ~1.6℃)对早晚籼稻产量影响不显著,但晚粳稻产量显著下降,降幅为10.2%,主要是因为其每穗粒数下降。全生育期增温降低了早晚稻株高;早稻生育期缩短了3~4 d,而晚稻生育期无明显变化。全生育期增温下,双季优质稻米垩白粒率和垩白度显著增加,早稻两优287出糙率和整精米率及晚粳甬优5550整精米率显著提高;同时,晚稻蛋白质含量提高,但晚粳直链淀粉含量降低,而早稻蛋白质和直链淀粉含量无明显变化;此外,稻米RVA谱特征值因季别和品种而异。结论 全生育期增温对优质晚粳稻产量影响大于籼稻,不利于外观品质的保优,但有利于改善优质稻米加工品质,对晚稻营养品质和食味品质的影响也大于早稻。  相似文献   
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