香椿芽中亚硝酸盐含量的比较研究

采用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法对焯水椿芽、新鲜椿芽用食盐水腌渍一段时间后,测定其亚硝酸盐的含量,为人们的日常饮食、蔬菜加工提供科学依据^[1]。结果表明：香椿芽用开水焯过后其亚硝酸盐的含量有大幅度降低,且腌渍8天后,亚硝酸盐含量逐渐降低并趋于平稳,低温储存有利于亚硝酸盐含量的降低。     

乌鲁木齐市区高校及其附近早餐店凉菜中亚硝酸盐含量的检测与分析

[目的]了解并掌握乌鲁木齐市区内高校及其附近早餐店凉菜中亚硝酸盐污染情况。[方法]2016年6~9月,随机采集乌鲁木齐市区高校食堂及附近早餐店销售的各种腌制凉菜538份,用食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定(GB 5009.33—2010)中的第二法——分光光度法测定亚硝酸盐含量。[结果]所检测的凉菜食品合格率为90.00%(484/538)。其中,蕨根粉合格率最高,为100%;胡萝卜丝和咸萝卜干合格率最低,分别为81.30%和81.60%。采集学校食堂的样品合格率为94.20%(260/276),而采自学校附近早餐店、牛肉面店的样品合格率为85.50%(224/262)。[结论]乌鲁木齐市餐饮行业早餐店销售的凉菜中仍然存在亚硝酸盐含量超标状况,而学校食堂销售的腌制凉菜质量高于附近早餐店和牛肉面店销售的凉菜质量,建议广大消费者尽量选择卫生质量好的早餐店就餐。     

一种含有竹叶黄酮的复配型肉类食品添加剂的开发

通过竹叶黄酮和异Vc钠的系列复配应用试验,得到了一种性能优越的肉类食品添加剂.实验选用中式香肠体系,通过测定过氧化值(POV)、酸价(AV)和亚硝酸盐含量,辅以感官评定等手段,评价此复合抗氧化剂的抗氧性能以及对产品风味和质量的整体影响.结果表明,在原配方的基础上,硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐减半使用,同时添加0.01%的竹叶黄酮和0.05%的异Vc钠,能显著抑制香肠的脂质过氧化,延长产品保质期,降低产品中亚硝酸盐的含量,同时维持并改善中式香肠应有的感官品质.竹叶黄酮在有效发挥抗氧化作用的同时,部分替代了具有潜在致癌作用的发色剂,提高了制品的安全性,是一种十分有前途的肉类食品添加剂.     

高负荷活性污泥法对生活污水的处理效果

[目的]探究高负荷活性污泥法与短程硝化和TN去除率之间的关系。[方法]采用A/O小试装置处理低C/N实际生活污水,将水力停留时间(HRT)降低至7.00和3.50 h,考察该方法对生活污水中氮的去除效果。[结果]在低HRT高负荷工况下,DO需要高达3.00 mg/L才能将NH_4~+-N完全去除。低HRT对于亚硝化率有一定影响,但进水NH_4~+-N浓度仍是影响亚硝化率的主要因素。在一定范围内,较低的NH_4~+-N去除率对TN去除没有影响。COD的去除不受低HRT影响。在高COD负荷下,提高DO浓度可以预防污泥膨胀,但会降低TN的去除率。[结论]低HRT对亚硝化率有一定影响,但影响亚硝化率最主要的因素是NH_4~+-N浓度。     

光合细菌对废水中几种常见有害物质的降解

利用实验室保存的11株光合细菌，分别对废水中的常见有害物质氨氮、总磷、硫化物、亚硝酸盐进行降解，结果表明该11株光合细菌对氨氮的降解可从364mg／L降到210mg／L左右，最高的降解率为42．6％；对总磷的降解可从440mg／L降到30mg／L左右，最高降解率为93．2％；对硫化物的降解可从174mg／L降到50mg／L左右，最高降解率为71．3％；对亚硝酸盐的降解可从3．3mg／L降到几乎为0，最高降解率为100％。不同的光合细菌其降解的能力不同，最终确定4株对4种有害物质均有较好降解效果的光合细菌，为以后配制复合菌株提供相关的实验依据。     

Superfine grinding improves functional properties and antioxidant capacities of bran dietary fibre from Qingke (hull-less barley) grown in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The effect of particle size of hull-less barley (HLB) bran DF on antioxidant and physicochemical properties was investigated. HLB bran and extracted DF was ground by regular and superfine grinding, their particle sizes were determined using laser diffraction method. The results showed that superfine grinding could significantly pulverize DF particles to micro-scale; the particle size distribution was close to a Gaussian distribution. The soluble DF in HLB bran was increased effectively with superfine grinding. Insoluble DF with submicron scale showed increased total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). With particle size reduction, the water retention capacity (WRC), swelling capacity (SC), oil binding capacity (OBC), and nitrite ion absorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and the water holding capacity (WHC) had no significant change. A kind of health beneficial DF with higher soluble DF content, WRC, SC, OBC, NIAC and antioxidant activity was obtained using superfine grinding.     

旱区覆膜滴灌棉田N 2 O排放对化肥减量有机替代的响应

覆膜滴灌条件下,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同施肥策略:CK(不施肥)、CF(N 300 kg/hm~2;P2O590 kg/hm~2;K2O 60 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+OF(普通有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+BF(生物有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)对棉田土壤N_2O排放的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田连续不同施肥策略下土壤N_2O的排放特征。结果表明,棉花生育期N_2O排放通量表现为施肥处理大于不施肥处理,滴灌施肥后第3/4天N_2O排放通量顺序为CF60%CF+OF60%CF+BFCK,而滴灌后第7/8天N_2O排放通量则表现为有机肥处理高于化肥处理,滴灌施肥结束后表现与之相同;生育期的N_2O排放总量以100%化肥处理(CF)最高,与其相比,60%CF+OF和60%CF+BF处理分别降低3.75%和8.37%,N_2O排放系数则分别降低1.39%和73.8%;相关及通径分析均表明,与土壤NH+4-N相比,NO-3-N与N_2O排放的关系更密切。     

流动注射—化学发光法测定蔬菜中的微量亚硝酸盐研究

利用鲁米诺—铁氰化钾—尿酸化学发光体系，在酸性介质中，亚硝酸盐氧化亚铁氰化钾为铁氰化钾，建立了间接测定微量亚硝酸盐的方法。讨论了酸度、反应物浓度、干扰离子等因素的影响，检出限达5.0×10-5mg/L，线性范围在0.001~10 mg/L，加标回收率在97.5%~104%之间，RSD≤3.6%，该方法尤其适合于较低微量亚硝酸盐的测定,可用于各种蔬菜中微量亚硝酸盐的测定。     

Effects of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)phosphorothioic triamide in low concentrations on ammonia volatilization and evolution of mineral nitrogen

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of increasing concentrations of N-(n-butyl)phosphorothioic triamide (NBPT) on NH₃ volatilization and rate of urea hydrolysis and evolution of mineral N in Ozzano, Rimini and Carpi soils with different physicochemical characteristics. Low concentrations of NBPT reduced NH₃ losses due to volatilization after urea fertilization and the effectiveness of the inhibitor was related to the soil characteristics (e.g. high concentrations of organic C and sand). After 15 days of incubation, no significant reductions of losses were found for any of the NBPT concentrations employed in Rimini soil. The application of NBPT led to a considerable reduction of the formation of nitrite. This process was completely annulled with the highest dose of NBPT (0.5% w/w_urea) in the Carpi soil after 15 days. In Rimini soil, however, the use of NBPT was less effective in influencing nitrite formation. The use of NBPT favoured accumulation of nitrate proportional to the NBPT concentration employed while it had no influence on the NH _inf4 ^sup+ fixation by 2:1 layer silicates. The data obtained support previous evidence that NBPT is effective in reducing the problems encountered in using urea as fertilizer. However, environmental conditions and soil physicochemical characteristics may have an important influence on the effectiveness of NBPT.     

The N2O product ratio of nitrification and its dependence on long-term changes in soil pH

The contribution of nitrification to the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soils may be large, but its regulation is not well understood. The soil pH appears to play a central role for controlling N₂O emissions from soil, partly by affecting the N₂O product ratios of both denitrification (N₂O/(N₂+N₂O)) and nitrification (N₂O/(NO₂⁻+NO₃⁻). Mechanisms responsible for apparently high N₂O product ratios of nitrification in acid soils are uncertain. We have investigated the pH regulation of the N₂O product ratio of nitrification in a series of experiments with slurries of soils from long-term liming experiments, spanning a pH range from 4.1 to 7.8. ¹⁵N labelled nitrate (NO₃⁻) was added to assess nitrification rates by pool dilution and to distinguish between N₂O from NO₃⁻ reduction and NH₃ oxidation. Sterilized soil slurries were used to determine the rates of chemodenitrification (i.e. the production of nitric oxide (NO) and N₂O from the chemical decomposition of nitrite (NO₂⁻)) as a function of NO₂⁻ concentrations. Additions of NO₂⁻ to aerobic soil slurries (with ¹⁵N labelled NO₃⁻ added) were used to assess its potential for inducing denitrification at aerobic conditions. For soils with pH?5, we found that the N₂O product ratios for nitrification were low (0.2-0.9‰) and comparable to values found in pure cultures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In mineral soils we found only a minor increase in the N₂O product ratio with increasing soil pH, but the effect was so weak that it justifies a constant N₂O product ratio of nitrification for N₂O emission models. For the soils with pH 4.1 and 4.2, the apparent N₂O product ratio of nitrification was 2 orders of magnitude higher than above pH 5 (76‰ and 14‰). This could partly be accounted for by the rates of chemodenitrification of NO₂⁻. We further found convincing evidence for NO₂⁻-induction of aerobic denitrification in acid soils. The study underlines the role of NO₂⁻, both for regulating denitrification and for the apparent nitrifier-derived N₂O emission.