盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞Na+吸收及Na+/H+转运蛋白与H+-ATPase基因表达的研究

为从分子水平揭示宁夏枸杞钠的吸收积累机理,本试验采用原子吸收分光光度法和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法,对盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞根中Na⁺、K⁺含量以及质膜和液泡膜Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白与H⁺-ATPase基因表达水平进行测定分析。结果表明,相同胁迫时间下,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,枸杞根系中Na⁺浓度总体呈缓慢增加趋势,K⁺含量呈先增加后减少趋势,Na⁺/K⁺比值呈先减少后增加趋势;编码质膜和液泡膜的Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白基因LbSOS1、LbNHX1以及液泡膜H⁺-ATPase基因LbVHA-C1表达量均呈升高趋势,质膜H⁺-ATPase基因LbHA1表达量呈先升高后降低趋势。相同NaCl处理浓度下,随着胁迫时间的延长,Na⁺含量总体呈增加趋势,K⁺含量呈先增加后减少趋势,Na⁺/K⁺比值呈增加趋势。LbSOS1、LbNHX1表达量总体呈先升高后降低趋势,LbVHA-C1、LbHA1表达量总体呈降低的趋势。相关性分析显示,不同胁迫时间下,枸杞根中LbSOS1、LbNHX1、LbVHA-C1和LbHA1表达量与Na⁺含量存在一定的正相关或负相关。上述结果表明,在低浓度NaCl胁迫时,维持枸杞体内较高的K⁺/Na⁺比值是宁夏枸杞耐盐的主要方式之一,同时也说明在胁迫初期,质膜和液泡膜的Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白与H⁺-ATPase参与了枸杞细胞中Na⁺及时排出胞外和区隔于液泡,从而保持了根细胞内Na⁺的稳定性。此外,随着胁迫时间的延长和NaCl处理浓度的增加,LbSOS1、LbNHX1、LbVHA-C1和LbHA1的表达水平均降低,而 Na⁺积累量大幅增加,致使枸杞抗盐性降低。本研究揭示了宁夏枸杞的耐盐机理,为利用宁夏枸杞改良宁夏大面积盐碱地提供了理论依据。     

植物液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase研究进展

植物液泡膜 ATP 酶（H+-ATPase）和液泡膜焦磷酸酶（H+-PPase）是液泡膜上两个含量丰富的蛋白，其功能的正常发挥在植物生长发育过程中扮演着重要角色。液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 水解底物释放能量，同时产生大量 H+由胞质泵入液泡内，形成细胞质与液泡间的 H+ 电化学势梯度，为多种溶质分子的跨膜主动运输提供驱动力，维持细胞内的离子稳态和渗透平衡，为细胞内各种生理生化反应的正常运行提供保障。此外，液泡作为植物细胞离子养分的储存库，其膜上 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 能够通过改变其活性来调控硝酸盐在胞质和液泡间的分配比例，进而影响植物的氮素利用效率。在逆境胁迫条件下，提高液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的活性有利于提高植株对逆境的适应能力，从而减少逆境胁迫对植株生长发育造成的不利影响。介绍了植物液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的结构特征及其在植物生长发育过程中的生理功能，并对其在植物抵御非生物逆境胁迫过程中发挥的重要作用进行阐述，为进一步提高作物的氮素利用率及逆境适应能力提供方向。     

饲料中添加谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响

为了研究谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响,分别用谷氨酰胺(Gln)、谷氨酸(Glu)、α-酮戊二酸(AKG)、L-鸟氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(OKG)、L-精氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(AAKG)、α-酮戊二酸钠(2Na-AKG)替代基础饲料中的葡萄糖(添加量为1.5%),配制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照,分别投喂松浦镜鲤(平均体重(40.27±3.96)g),饲养8周后测定镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性。结果显示:Glu组前肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组;Gln组、Glu组、OKG组和AAKG组中肠蛋白酶活性均显著高于对照组。2Na-AKG组前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和OKG组;2Na-AKG组中肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和Gln组。2Na-AKG组前肠淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组和Gln组。Gln组和Glu组前肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组;不同处理组中肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著低于对照组;Glu组、AKG组和OKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组,Gln组、AAKG组和2NaAKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性则均显著低于对照组。研究表明,饲料中添加Gln、Glu、OKG和AAKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的蛋白酶活性,添加2Na-AKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性。     

盐度对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼渗透调节与耗氧率的影响

为研究盐度对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼（）渗透调节与耗氧率的影响，设计实验一，将（162.5±12.1）g珍珠龙胆石斑鱼置于不同盐度（6、12、18、24、30）下养殖10 d，测定血清渗透压及Na⁺、Cl^-、K⁺离子浓度。实验结果表明，随盐度的升高血清渗透压及Na⁺、Cl^-、K⁺离子浓度也随着升高，各组[Na⁺]：[Cl^-]比值无显著差异（>0.05）；经回归分析得到血清等渗点渗透压为365.95 mOsm/kg，所对应盐度为12.75。实验二，将（26.4±2.7）g幼鱼置于不同盐度（6、12、18、24、30）下养殖30 d，测定在开始暴露后0 h、3 h、24 h、72 h鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase活性及表达和第30天耗氧率，结果表明鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase活性随盐度的增大呈“U”形变化；鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase α1基因表达量波动较大，在72 h后随盐度增大先降低后增加，变化趋势与酶活性一致；第30天耗氧率随盐度的增加先降低后增加又降低。综上所述，珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼10 d内能够完全适应6~30盐度急性变化，耗氧率除了受离子渗透调节的影响，还可能与其生活史阶段有关。     

微囊藻毒素对水稻幼苗营养吸收的影响

为进一步解析作物对水体中微囊藻毒素(MCs)的适应机制,通过水培试验研究MCs对水稻幼苗营养吸收及质膜H~+-ATPase基因表达的影响。结果表明:胁迫7 d后,1μg·L~(-1)MCs组水稻幼苗根系活力增加。10μg·L~(-1)MCs组水稻幼苗根系活力和质膜H~+-ATPase活性增加,促进了矿质营养(Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和NO_3~-)的吸收。其中质膜H~+-ATPase活性上升与OSA1、OSA2、OSA3、OSA4、OSA6、OSA8和OSA9表达上调有关。高浓度MCs(100μg·L~(-1)和1000μg·L~(-1))组水稻幼苗根系活力和质膜H~+-ATPase活性降低,阻碍了水稻幼苗对矿质营养的吸收,此时质膜H~+-ATPase的基因表达呈下调趋势,且降低程度随MCs处理浓度增大而增强。恢复7 d后,10μg·L~(-1)MCs组根系活力、质膜H~+-ATPase活性和营养元素含量恢复至对照水平。100μg·L~(-1)MCs组各指标均优于胁迫期,而1000μg·L~(-1)MCs对营养吸收的抑制未恢复。研究表明,MCs胁迫导致的水稻幼苗中营养元素含量的变化受质膜H~+-ATPase活性的调控,且调控能力受MCs浓度限制。     

Fluctuating salinity effect on Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842) physiological responses

Euryhaline fish, such as the Bullseye puffer Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns 1842), experience sudden salinity changes in their natural environment, which is more common than the exception, so they must adapt to survive and cope with extreme salt conditions. Therefore, Bullseye puffer juveniles were exposed to short‐term stress (39 hr) by fluctuating salinity conditions (41, 35, 29, 23, 17, 11, 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, 41 psu) with a 3‐hr interval between each point at 26 ± 1ºC in a respirometer chamber and acclimation reservoirs. Responses to oxygen consumption rate (OCR: 23–35 mg O₂ h^–1 kg^–1), ammonium excretion rate (AER: 1–1.85 mg NH4⁺ h^?1 kg^?1), oxygen‐nitrogen atomic ratio (O:N 17–30), osmoregulatory pattern (blood osmotic pressure from 342.4 to 332.8 mmol/kg) and changes in expression levels of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase in the gills (higher values at higher salinities) were measured. Although some signs of stress were detected below the iso‐osmotic point (11.4 psu), the puffer fish is a strong euryhaline fish that survives under these conditions. Nonetheless, it could recover when salinity returned to the initial acclimation point because Sphoeroides annulatus is able to live in a wide range of environments with wide natural salinity fluctuations; thus, a common practice in aquaculture has been to expose fish to low salinity for several reasons discussed in this study. This capacity reveals its high plasticity to saline adaptation from 41 to 5 psu an up from 5 to 41 psu, all in less than 2 days.     

不同硼肥对草莓生长发育·产量和品质的影响

[目的]探讨不同硼肥对草莓生长发育、产量和品质的影响。[方法]以草莓品种红颜为试材,从现蕾期开始分别对草莓喷施清水、硼砂、八硼酸钠4次,于初花期和果实成熟期测定草莓株高、茎粗、叶面积、叶柄长度等生长指标,于采收期测定草莓单果重等产量指标,于果实成熟期测定VC、含糖量、有机酸等品质指标。[结果]施用八硼酸钠促进了草莓植株生长,株高和叶面积较对照显著增加,根冠比与对照间差异不显著。喷施硼肥后,草莓单果重和产量均显著增加,其中,喷施八硼酸钠和硼砂处理单果重分别较对照增加20.14%和4.86%,产量分别较对照提高17.28%和4.02%,同时改善了草莓品质,VC、可溶性固形物和糖酸比均较对照和硼砂处理显著增加。喷施硼肥后草莓叶片硼素含量升高,硼素含量由高到低依次为八硼酸钠处理、硼砂处理、对照。[结论]喷施八硼酸钠在一定程度上可促进草莓植株生长,显著提高草莓产量,同时改善草莓品质。     

Fe-resin/NaCl对Na_2SO_3处理的稻草的水解

为了提高稻草(RS)的转化率和产物收率,采用了超声、蒸汽爆破和Na_2SO_3处理3种方法对稻草进行预处理(处理后的稻草分别记为CS-RS、ZQ-RS和Na_2SO_3-RS),通过XRD、SEM、元素分析及化学组分含量分析,筛选出Na_2SO_3处理是最好的预处理方法。Na_2SO_3-RS在200℃下经10%Fe-resin在3.3%的NaCl溶液中水解后,转化率达到97.3%,还原糖(TRS)和平台化合物乙酰丙酸(LA)的产率分别达到为29.6%和13.5%。     

Ecophysiology of iron homeostasis in plants

In nature, iron (Fe) occurs in abundance and ranks fourth among all elements on Earth’s surface. Still, its availability to plants is reduced, once this element is in the form of hydrated oxides, which can limit plant productivity and biomass production. On the other hand, in high concentrations, this essential micronutrient for the plants can become a toxic agent, increasing the environmental contamination. Fe is necessary for the maintenance of essential processes like respiration and photosynthesis, participating in the electron transport chain and in the conversion between Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺, being a key element for carbon dioxide (CO₂) fixation and, therefore, important for crop production of cultivated or natural species. The balance of Fe should be strictly controlled, because both its deficiency and its toxicity affect the physiological process of plants. In aerated soils Fe is present in the form of Fe³⁺, which is the oxidized form and is less available to plants, so these organisms have developed different strategies for absorption, transport and storage of Fe. Deficiency and excess of Fe correlate with local soil conditions and with the care adopted in plant nutrition during the phenological phases and/or in the course of its cultivation. In situations of excessive accumulation of Fe in tissues, an enhancement of hydroxyl radical generation (OH^?) occurs by Fenton reaction. Here, we review the nutritional, genetic and ecophysiological aspects of uptake, translocation and accumulation of Fe ions in plants growing under conditions of deficiency or toxicity of this metal.