Nutrients in litterfall,forest floor and mineral soils in two adjacent forest ecosystems in Greece

The fluxes of masses and the nutrients Ca,Mg,K,N,P and S were determined in the litterfall of two adjacent forest ecosystems of Hungarian oak(Quercus frainetto L.)and European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)in a mountainous area of northeastern Greece in 2010–2015.The foliar litterfall for both species reached about 70%of the total litterfall,and was significantly higher from the other two fractions(woody and rest litterfall).The fluxes of masses and nutrients were compared between ecosystems for each fraction separately.Only one significant statistical difference was found,that of K in the woody litterfall.In addition,the stocks of masses and nutrients were calculated in the forest floors and mineral soils of the two ecosystems.Likewise,the stocks of nutrients in the forest floors and mineral soils were compared between ecosystems.In the L horizon of the forest floors,statistical differences,as a result of species effect,were found for the stocks of Ca and N.In the FH horizons,the masses and all the nutrient stocks differed significantly,as the beech plot had much higher quantities of organic matter and nutrients.These higher quantities were probably due to low soil temperatures(microclimate)and high acidity in the beech plot(species effect)that slowed down decomposition.In the mineral soils,the propagation of random error derived from random errors of the individual soil layers was an important factor in the statistical comparisons.Because of the soil acidity in the beech plot,the stocks of exchangeable base cations were significantly higher in the oak plot,whereas the other nutrient stocks did not differ.     

扁桃休眠期前后结果枝内矿质营养的变化及其对坐果的影响

分析扁桃结果枝休眠期前后矿质元素的积累与代谢变化及其对坐果的影响,为扁桃低产园的改造提供理论依据。选取连续3a持续低产和高产的2个果园作为研究对象,以新疆主栽品种‘纸皮’扁桃为试材,分析在休眠期前后结果枝木质部和韧皮部中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Fe、Mn和Cu 10种矿质元素质量分数变化差异,同时统计2个果园当年坐果情况。结果表明:(1)扁桃休眠期前后高产园和低产园中扁桃结果枝中的矿质元素变化趋势基本一致,休眠期扁桃结果枝内的矿质元素仍呈积累或代谢状态,休眠前期质量分数升高,到扁桃打破休眠萌芽前后质量分数急剧下降;(2)扁桃休眠期结果枝木质部和韧皮部中N、P、K、B和Mn5种矿质元素质量分数均表现为高产园的高于低产园的;(3)扁桃休眠期结果枝矿质营养的积累水平直接影响着翌年扁桃的坐果率和产量。因此,加强扁桃园的管理,促进休眠期结果枝矿质营养的积累是提高扁桃坐果率和产量的重要措施。     

施氮量对豫北冬小麦产量及子粒主要矿质元素含量的影响

以兰考矮早8、豫麦49-198和平安8号为材料,设置5个氮素水平（0、120、180、240、360kg/hm ²）,研究不同施氮量对豫北冬小麦子粒产量及其N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明：子粒中N与B（r=0.879）、N与Mg（r=0.858）、Mg与Zn（r=0.871）、Mg与B（r=0.877）含量间相关系数较高。施氮显著提高了子粒N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、B含量,K、Mg含量受施氮量影响较小,但P和Mn含量明显下降。兰考矮早8子粒中各种矿质元素（除B外）含量明显高于平安8号,豫麦49-198介于二者之间。施氮在提高小麦子粒产量的同时降低了P/Ca、P/Mg、P/Fe和P/Zn的值,增强了Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的生物有效性。此外,研究发现施氮量达到180kg/hm ²后,继续增施氮肥小麦产量难以提升。可见,合理的氮肥管理可以提高豫北地区冬小麦产量及子粒中微量元素的含量;过量施氮不仅难以提高子粒产量,还会降低子粒P和Mn的含量。     

兰花矿质营养研究进展

矿质营养是提高兰花花朵品质的关键,对目前国内外兰花的氮、磷、钾等矿质营养的研究进展进行了综述,对施肥量及其对兰株的影响地总结,为确定兰花的营养诊断标准与高效施肥方案提供理论依据,对兰花的生产栽培具有指导意义。     

Effects of five additive materials on mechanical and dimensional properties of wood cement-bonded boards

There is a growing desire to improve the properties and use of nonwood plant materials as supplements to wood materials for wood cement-bonded boards (WCBs). This study was conducted to determine the comparative properties of WCBs containing various amounts of discontinuous inorganic fiber materials, such as alkali-resistant glass fiber, normal glass fiber, mineral wool, and nonwood plant materials such as retted flax straw and wheat straw particles. Tested cement-bonded boards were made at wood/additive compositions of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (weight percentages). Seventy-eight laboratory-scale WCBs were produced. Various board properties, such as the modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding strength (IB), water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), and linear expansion (LE), were studied. The test results showed that three types of discontinuous inorganic fiber used as reinforcing materials in composites significantly enhanced and modified the performance of WCBs. The mechanical properties and dimensional stability of cement-bonded board were significantly improved with increasing amounts of the additives. MOR and IB were increased; and WA, TS, and LE of boards were reduced by combination with the inorganic fiber materials. The results also indicated that combination with retted flax straw particles only slightly increased the MOR of boards, and wheat straw particles led to marked decreases in all the mechanical properties and the dimensional stability of WCBs.Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

华山松针叶中矿质元素含量的地理变异

以１２年生的种源林为取材对象，在１９９１年４月３０日、７月３０日、１０月３０日及１９９２年１月３０日同时采当年和１年生针叶，测定Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ和Ｍｇ浓度。结果表明，除Ｋ外，其它矿质元素浓度种源间存在极显著差异。地理变异呈纬向渐变型。极端温度与元素地理差异有密切关系，并构成主导自然选择压。元素浓度的季节动态与针叶生长节律循环相伴。南、北华山松已分化成两个营养能力显著不同的地理种群，但动态模式基本相似。     

水分胁迫对澳洲坚果叶片矿质元素含量的影响

研究澳洲坚果叶片矿质元素含量与水分胁迫的关系,实验结果表明:不同水分胁迫程度下,随水分胁迫程度的加剧,叶片中含量降低的矿质元素有Zn、Ca、N、Mg和B,含量升高的矿质元素有K和Mn,水分胁迫对叶片中Co元素的影响不大,而P元素含量的变化不一致。水分胁迫时间与矿质元素含量的关系为:长期水分胁迫下,叶片矿质元素含量升高的有B和K,含量降低的有Ca、Mg、Mn、P、Zn和N,表现不一致的是Co。     

Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizosphere Electrical Conductivity: Relation to Forest Tree Seedling Root System Growth and Function

Fertilization is standard practice in forest tree seedling nursery culture. Additionally, fertilization at outplanting has potential to facilitate nutrient uptake and reduce transplant shock. Fertilization, however, may dramatically alter rhizosphere chemical properties such as pH, ion availability, and electrical conductivity (EC). These changes may inhibit root system growth and function by reducing soil osmotic potential and creating specific ion toxicities. The risk of root damage associated with high EC levels appears to be dependent on species, age of root system, and soil moisture availability. Root inhibition in container nursery culture of conifers is likely to occur above 2.5 dS m⁻¹, though threshold EC levels for bareroot culture and field plantings are largely unavailable. Fertilization at outplanting has the added risk that drought conditions may prevent leaching of excess fertilizer salts, which can increase rhizosphere EC beyond safe levels and ultimately impair root uptake of water or nutrients. For fertilization programs to be successful, a critical threshold balance must be maintained between optimizing seedling nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, while minimizing potential for root damage. Future research is needed to identify optimal EC levels for a range of species across all stages of the reforestation process, from nursery culture through plantation establishment.     

氮对水培生菜营养液元素动态变化及产量与品质的影响

氮素是生菜最重要的营养元素之一,影响生菜的产量和品质,通过动态监测水培生菜生长及营养液矿质元素变化过程,为水培生菜合理有效的营养液管理提供理论依据。采用深水培方法,在5个氮素浓度9,8,6,4,3 mmol/L条件下对生菜产量、品质及营养液元素动态变化过程进行了试验观测,分析了氮对水培生菜生长、矿质元素利用效率及动态吸收量的影响。不同氮素处理生菜的干物质积累量随时间差异越来越显著,在氮素水平为6 mmol/L时生菜可获得最大产量;硝酸盐含量随氮水平的增高先增高后稍有降低,氮素浓度为8 mmol/L时最高;Vc和可溶性蛋白不断增高,在氮素浓度为9 mmol/L时含量最高;可溶性糖先增高后减小,氮素浓度为6 mmol/L时含量最高;不同氮素浓度显著地影响了生菜对氮的吸收,高浓度氮素水平有利于生菜对氮、磷的吸收,较低氮素水平则有利于生菜对钾、钙、镁的吸收。生菜对氮、磷的吸收主要集中在定植后的20~30 d,平均吸收量分别占到全生育期的64.81%和61.88%,对钾的吸收在定植后30~40 d较多,平均吸收量占到全生育期的44.46%,生菜对钙、镁的吸收在定植后都较均匀。生菜对磷、钾、钙、镁的利用效率呈现出先增大后减少的趋势,对氮的利用效率线性减小。当氮素水平为8 mmol/L时,生菜全生育期对矿质元素的吸收量最大,为582.31 mg/株,此时生菜获得较好的产量和品质,较高的磷、钾、钙、镁利用效率,但是氮的利用效率较低。     

硒胁迫对紫花苜蓿硒积累及矿质元素吸收的效应

为了探讨硒胁迫对紫花苜蓿硒积累及对其他矿质元素吸收的影响。以3种苜蓿阿尔冈金、大叶苜蓿、维多利亚为试材,采用土培试验方法,研究了硒胁迫对紫花苜蓿不同组织的生物量、转运系数、耐性指数、硒积累量、硒含量和矿质元素含量的影响及紫花苜蓿对硒的积累能力。结果表明:施以100μmol/L硒时,硒处理显著提高了3个品种苜蓿根、茎、叶片的硒含量、耐性指数、硒积累量和K、P、Ca、Mg元素的吸收,当硒浓度为900μmol/L时,则降低了阿尔冈金和维多利亚不同器官生物量及大叶苜蓿根的生物量积累,且降低了阿尔冈金和维多利亚不同器官及大叶苜蓿根和茎对Zn吸收积累量。不同品种间相比较,大叶苜蓿生物量、硒积累量和K、P、Mg元素吸收显著高于其他2个苜蓿,且差异显著。综合评价表明,大叶苜蓿对矿质元素和Se有较好的吸收和富集能力。