甲砜霉素在鲤鱼中的药代动力学研究

本实验在(26±2)℃的养殖水温下,采用高效液相色谱–串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)研究了以30 mg/(kg·bw)的剂量对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)进行单次投喂药饵后甲砜霉素(Thiamphenicol,TAP)在鲤鱼体内的药物代谢动力学。通过DAS 2.0动力学软件分析TAP在鲤鱼体内的药–时数据,结果表明符合一级吸收二室模型。TAP在肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、鱼皮、鳃、脾脏和血浆各组织的药物达峰时间(T_(peak))分别为16、2、16、8、0、2和16 h,达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为15.6、35.3、12.4、9.0、33.0、11.6 mg/kg和21.0 mg/L;药–时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为1084.5、1578.1、777.3、541.1、0.1、478.1 mg/(kg·h)和485.1 mg/(L·h),消除半衰期(t_(1/2β))分别为11.4、100.2、54.2、41.1、69.5、38.0和71.9 h。TAP在鲤鱼体内各组织的分布和消除速率相差较大;在肾脏中的药物达峰时间短且达峰浓度高于其他组织,其消除半衰期也明显高于其他组织,推测肾脏是鲤鱼体内TAP蓄积和代谢的主要器官。按照农业部《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》文件规定,TAP在水产动物中最高残留限量(MRL)不得高于50μg/kg,本研究中,肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、鱼皮、脾脏和血浆的TAP残留量低于MRL的时间分别从第16、16、12、12、12、10和12天开始,将肌肉和肾脏作为TAP药物残留的靶组织,建议休药期不得低于16 d。     

青梅果药理学作用研究进展

对青梅果的抗菌作用、抗病毒作用、抗肿瘤作用、代谢调节作用及其他药理学作用近年来的研究成果进行综述,以期为青梅的深入研究和开发利用提供参考。     

Genotype disclosure in the genomics era: roles and responsibilities

Disclosure of affected breed without disclosure of major progenitors has been the usual practice in scientific papers reporting recessive heritable disorders of cattle. Before molecular genetics, carrier identity could not be used by breeders to control causal mutations because phenotypically normal heterozygotes among genetically related animals could not be detected other than by test mating. Accurate, low‐cost DNA tests fundamentally changed this situation. Genomics can provide relief from the old problem of emerging recessive disorders in cattle breeding, but greater transparency of genotype data between breeders is necessary to fully exploit the opportunities for cost‐efficient genetic disease control. Effective control of several recessive disorders has been demonstrated in Angus cattle, based entirely on voluntary DNA testing by breeders but mandatory public disclosure of test results and genotype probabilities for all registered animals. When a DNA test is available, major progenitors (particularly bulls from which semen has been distributed) should be identified and disclosed concurrently with the affected breed. As a minimum, whenever possible the closest common ancestors in the pedigrees of the parents of homozygous mutants should be disclosed after confirmation of carrier status. Progenitor disclosure in scientific publications should occur in cooperation with breed societies, which should have the opportunity to advise breeders and initiate management programs before scientific publication. Unless properly managed, genomic enhancement of animal selection using SNP markers may increase inbreeding, co‐ancestry and emergence of recessive disorders. The information systems and genotype disclosure policies of some breed societies will be increasingly challenged, particularly with accelerating mutation discovery using next‐generation sequencing.     

The Use of a Metabolic Disorder Index as a Predictor for Metabolic Eliminations in Endurance Horses

The equine endurance race involves both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms of the horse. The intense physical activity over an extended period often causes susceptible horses to develop metabolic signs or problems resulting in elimination from races. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a method for prediction and validation of a metabolic disorder index (MDI) to be used before endurance races. Three hundred seventy-five Arabian (n = 152) and Arabian cross (n = 223) endurance horses aged from 6 to 15 years and weighing between 350 and 450 kg were selected for the study in Malaysia. Blood samples were collected at pre- and post-race periods. The significant (P < .05) findings in horses with metabolic disorder were packed cell volume (0.50 ± 0.06 LL−1), creatine kinase (1,275.89 ± 121.45 UL−1), interleukin-6 (2.01 ± 0.89 ng/mL), decreased glutathione reductase (26.57 ± 3.95 ng/mL), and chloride (94.98 ± 8.12 mmol/L). A new method called MDI was developed as a predictor for horses with the potential to develop metabolic disorders in endurance races. The MDI indicated a higher value greater than 5.5 for those eliminated and lower value below 5.5 for those that completed the race successfully, this proved to be accurate in the prediction of metabolic disorder in endurance horses. The MDI is an innovative and simple method used as a prediction method that will assist the equine endurance society to reduce the rate of elimination and to safeguard against serious medical problems during endurance races in the tropics.     

多效唑对斑马鱼体内解毒代谢酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨多效唑对水生生物在组织水平的毒性效应及其致毒机制。[方法]采用生物化学方法测定了多效唑不同浓度暴露下对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)体内2种解毒代谢酶和2种抗氧化酶活性的影响。[结果]雄性斑马鱼比雌性更容易受到多效唑的胁迫,各种酶在斑马鱼体内的变化规律不同。多效唑对雄鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)表现为激活-抑制-恢复,对雌鱼SOD表现为先抑制后激活但影响不显著;对雌鱼过氧化物酶(POD)表现为抑制,对雄鱼POD的抑制在后期才有所表现;对雌鱼羧酸酯酶(Car E)表现为高浓度抑制低浓度激活,后期恢复,对雄鱼Car E整体表现为激活;而对雄鱼谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)则表现为高浓度中后期产生抑制,对雌鱼GST未表现出明显的抑制或激活效应。[结论]雄鱼体内Car E的活性在多效唑较低浓度下最先做出应激反应,可作为污染物早期预警的生物标志物。     

Advance in study of batokines

Brown adipose tissue is a type of adipose tissue and is present in all mammals. It is not only the main site for adaptive thermogenesis in vivo, but also secretes and releases many cytokines in the form of endocrine to regulate a variety of metabolic processes and prevent and treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Therefore, identification of the types and effects of brown adipocytokines (batokines) may be crucial for the treatment of a variety of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Based on the latest research progress, batokines and their functions are reviewed.     

High or Low Body Fat Deposition in the Presence of a Normal Oral Sugar Test is Not Associated With Postthaw Semen Parameters in Stallions

This study compared the postthaw semen parameters of stallions with high and low body condition score (BCS) and evaluated associations between body morphometric parameters and postthaw semen parameters. Twenty stallions were split into Low BCS (BCS<7, n = 11) and High BCS (BCS ≥7, n = 9) groups, and underwent a complete morphometric analysis (e.g., neck scores and circumference, crest neck height, body weight, and height), and subcutaneous body fat thickness (SFT) at the tail head, withers, shoulders, and retroperitoneal space. A fasted oral sugar test (OST) was conducted on all stallions. One ejaculate from each stallion was frozen with a commercial egg yolk-based extender. Postthaw sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, hydrogen peroxide and intracellular superoxide production, and lipid peroxidation were analyzed for all stallions. The circumference at 25% and 50% of the neck’s length were larger for High-BCS stallions (P < .05). There were no differences between groups for the neck crest height (P > .05). Stallions with High BCS had greater SFT at the tail head than stallions with Low BCS (P < .05); however, there were no differences between groups in the SFT at the shoulders and withers (P > .05). All stallions had resting blood glucose below the cutoff for equine metabolic syndrome. There were no differences between groups for resting glucose concentrations or for a peak at 30 or 60 minutes after initiation of the OST (P > .05). There were no differences in sperm parameters between groups (P > .05). Collectively, the findings of the present study suggest that High BCS or Low BCS in the presence of normal OST do not explain post-thaw semen parameters.