新时代国有林场改革的若干问题探讨

国有林场是我国生态文明建设的主力军。随着我国城市化建设步伐的不断加速,生态环境问题业日益突出,如何在保护生态环境的同时,加快经济建设的发展,成为当今林业领域的热点研究问题。本文从国有林场改革的意义、公益性国有林场的特点、国有林场改革的思路及建议、国有林场发展的方向及途径、国有林场可持续发展的措施等方面进行了探讨,以期为国有林场的发展提供借鉴。     

基于‘罗氏沼虾’养殖尾水灌溉条件下稻田养分利用效能提升技术研究

为了实现稻田消纳罗氏沼虾养殖尾水过程中水稻稳产及养分利用效率最大化,设置CK（空白对照）、BC（添加生物炭）、TG（添加土壤改良液）、BT（生物炭及土壤改良液分别减半）4个处理,依据养分运移状况及水稻生长指标的比较,筛选适宜材料类型。结果表明,BC、TG及BT的添加对表层土壤(0~10cm)TN累积、土壤(0~25cm)TP累积及养分损失,BC、TG对土壤(0~25cm)TN累积及养分损失均存在正面效应;TG显著促进表层土壤(0~10 cm)NO₃ ^-累积(P<0.05);除BC外,其他材料的养分表聚作用均促使TN、TP向根部运移(P<0.05);BT处理中灌浆期叶绿素含量显著高于TG和CK(P<0.05),材料处理组在第一节间长度均显著低于CK(P<0.05),其余处理间的差异性均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。各处理的理论和实际产量间的差异性均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。综上所述,相较于其他材料,有效截留NO₃ ^-为主氮素养分,提高养殖尾水养分利用率,降低淋洗污染风险;显著控制水稻底部节间生长,降低倒伏风险;且其对水稻生长及产量性状并无显著抑制作用,因而将其作为水稻消纳罗氏沼虾养殖尾水中养分利用效率提升材料具有一定应用潜力。     

‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导及白霜的优化

为获得高品质、活力旺盛且具有分化能力的愈伤组织,本研究在已建立的海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)‘新海16’再生体系基础上,以MSB附加0.1 mg/L 2,4-D及0.1 mg/L KT为基本培养基,采用单因素随机试验研究外植体不同部位、光照及培养基成分等对‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明:‘新海16’愈伤诱导的外植体选用下胚轴中上部绿色茎段诱导效果较优;除此之外,愈伤诱导效果最佳的处理为2 000 lx光照强度、90%MSB无机盐成分、3 g/L PVP及1.2~1.4 g/L Gelrite或Phytagel,均能够降低愈伤组织出现白霜现象,对愈伤组织疏松生长有促进作用。本研究通过优化愈伤组织的诱导方法,提高胚性愈伤组织发生率,为‘新海16’高频再生体系提供科学依据。     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.     

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non-culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2-1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2-2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.     

水果番茄新品种“晶杏”的选育

"晶杏"是由XS12为母本、CM14为父本杂交而成,为无限生长型,生长势旺盛,中熟,果实淡黄色,高圆形,单果质量约50 g。色泽亮丽,坐果率高,坐果整齐一致,果实大小均匀。丰产性好,口味佳,抗裂果,高抗叶枯病和枯萎病。产量约达97.5 t·hm^-2,是目前栽培的理想樱桃番茄品种,适合于内蒙古中部地区早秋、早春日光温室和大棚越夏栽培。     

辣椒新品种“鄂椒香帅”的选育

"鄂椒香帅"是以BL8为母本,CA1324-4为父本育成的鲜食长线椒辣椒杂交一代品种。该品种植株生长势较强,株高55 cm,开展度52 cm,叶片绿色,卵圆形,少茸毛,单叶互生,分枝性较强且分枝处有紫色斑块,始花节位8~9节,花冠白色,花萼平展;坐果力较强,果实长28~32 cm,果实横径1.3 cm,果肉厚0.2 cm,果实长羊角形,椒条顺直,果面较光滑,三心室,单果质量约26 g,果色绿色,肉质脆,味辣,适合鲜食。抗疮痂病、中抗黄瓜花叶病毒病(CMV),挂果性好,产量高;适合长江流域地区春夏季露地和高山栽培。     

1-MCP处理对“东红”猕猴桃货架期品质的影响

以"东红"猕猴桃为试材,通过采后用不同浓度(0、0.25、0.50、0.75μL·L^-1)1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)进行处理后,将果实至于(20.0±0.5)℃层析冷柜中对其进行货架期贮藏,研究"东红"猕猴桃果实品质的变化,以期为延长猕猴桃货架期品质提供参考依据。结果表明:0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够有效地抑制"东红"猕猴桃果实硬度、b*值、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的下降;0.75μL·L^-1及0.50μL·L^-11-MCP均能够显著降低"东红"猕猴桃果实呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性;0.25、0.50、0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够更好地推迟"东红"猕猴桃果实可溶性固形物含量的上升,而不同浓度1-MCP处理间对"东红"猕猴桃果实可滴定酸含量的作用效果无显著差异。综合比较,0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够更好地保持"东红"猕猴桃的货架期品质,其次为0.50μL·L^-11-MCP。综合考虑"东红"猕猴桃货架期品质变化及成本,建议"东红"猕猴桃的1-MCP使用浓度为0.50~0.75μL·L^-1。     

‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

薏苡紫色柱头性状的遗传分析

为研究薏苡紫色柱头性状的遗传规律,利用4份材料做亲本构建4个杂交组合,观察并记录其F 1、F 2植株的性状特征和分离比例。结果显示,紫色柱头相对于白色为显性,各F 2群体植株的柱头颜色分离比皆符合3∶1比例,说明紫色柱头是由1对显性等位基因控制。