梭鱼仔、稚、幼鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学观察

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,在光镜下系统观察了出膜后1~39 d的梭鱼(Liza haematocheila)仔、稚、幼鱼各期的消化系统发育特征。结果表明,在水温20~22℃时,梭鱼受精卵经50~54 h孵化,初孵仔鱼消化道仅由一条原始的消化管组成。孵出后第4天,上下颌形成,卵黄囊被吸收,消化管盘曲,第一盘曲处形成胃雏形,第二盘曲处及之后形成前肠和后肠,肛门形成并与外界贯通。孵化后第7天,卵黄囊被完全吸收,油球渐小至消失,孵化后第8天,消化系统明显分化成食道、胃、肠、直肠以及肝和胰等,仔鱼由内源性营养向外源性摄食营养过渡。此后,随着仔鱼的生长发育,胃黏膜层的褶皱数量增加,管壁增厚,内腔增大。稚鱼后期,梭鱼苗各鳍初步形成,分化出鳍条,孵化后18 d,幽门盲囊形成,胃腺出现,标志着稚鱼开始消化外源性蛋白,同时,消化道上皮细胞进一步分化,肌层增厚,肠道分段、盘曲,稚鱼食性开始向植食性转换。在此以后,消化系统从功能和结构上逐步地完善成熟。结果表明,梭鱼消化系统的发育与仔、稚、幼鱼的生长、形态发育和消化系统功能的完善相一致。     

Effect of Delayed Icing on the Microbiological,Chemical, and Sensory Properties of Caspian Sea Golden Grey Mullet (Liza aurata)

Research has shown that fresh fish is an extremely perishable food as compared to other food commodities. In this study, quality deterioration during storage of golden grey mullet (GGM) iced for 0, 6, and 12 h after landing was monitored. Microbiological indices (total viable count, TVC; psychrophilic counts, PTC; lactic acid bacteria, LAB; and Enterobacteriaceae counts, EBC), chemical parameters (pH; total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N; peroxide value, PV; thiobarbituric acid, TBA; and free fatty acids, FFA) values increased over the preicing duration. Delayed icing did not lead to significant increases (p > 0.05) in TVC, PTC, LAB, and EBC throughout the period of storage. All chemical indices increased during storage (p < 0.05). This study showed that sensorial analysis of GGM correlated well with microbiological analysis. Results of this study based on the microbiological and raw fish sensorial data indicated that the shelf life of GGM stored in ice immediately after catch was approximately 10–11 days, while the 6- and 12-h delays in icing shortened the shelf life to approximately 6–7 and 2–3 days, respectively.     

鮻鱼稚鱼在沿岸碎波带的出现和滞留时间

2004年3-8月在长江口沿岸碎波带5个站位用小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)采集到鱼稚鱼754尾,平均密度为10.9尾/网次,以6月的出现尾数最多,5月份最少。平均密度以St.2最高(80.6尾/网次)。通过研究St.2鱼稚鱼的平均体长及生长规律,其平均体长呈逐月递增趋势,表明该鱼以沿岸碎波带作为其保育场。对205尾鱼稚鱼的耳石日生长轮的观察结果,其日轮数与体长呈对数相关,并由耳石日轮数推算出其为3-6月孵化的个体。孵化后约20~46 d的个体在沿岸碎波带水域进行短期生活。鱼稚鱼在保育场的生长规律揭示了在进行海岸工程时必须强调对生态环境和水生生物保护的重要性。     

梭鱼养殖群体与自然群体的遗传结构研究

[目的]掌握渤海地区梭鱼种群的种质资源状况。[方法]应用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术,对梭鱼养殖群体与自然群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。[结果]从45个随机引物中选出20个扩增效果稳定的引物进行群体分析。其中,梭鱼自然群体共检出了204个扩增位点,多态位点136个,多态位点比例为66.7%;养殖群体中共检出了217个扩增位点,多态位点130个,多态位点比例为59.9%。[结论]目前梭鱼群体的遗传多样性较为丰富,人工养殖还未对其造成明显的影响。     

梭鱼和鲻鱼线粒体16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段的比较分析

运用PCR技术,扩增了梭鱼和鲻鱼线粒体16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段,并比较分析了其种间的序列差异。获得16S rRNA基因的540～560 bp碱基序列,出现26个碱基的插入与缺失位点;获得COⅠ基因的602～604 bp碱基序列,出现2个插入缺失位点;16S rRNA和COⅠ基因的序列中G平均含量最低,且（A＋T）含量高于（G＋C）含量,与其他鱼类中的16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段研究结果相一致。在16S rRNA基因片段中,梭鱼出现1种单倍型,鲻鱼为2种单倍型;在COⅠ基因片段中,梭鱼样品中检测到3个单倍型,鲻鱼样品中检测到5个单倍型。以Takifugu poecilonotus为外群,构建的NJ系统发育树,基于16S rRNA和COⅠ基因序列获得的NJ系统树基本一致,鲻鱼和梭鱼种内个体分别聚为一支,显示16S rRNA和COⅠ基因适合于梭鱼和鲻鱼的物种鉴定。     

Effects of tank colour and feed colour on growth and feed utilization of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) larvae

The effects of aquarium background colour and feed colour on survival, growth rates and feed utilization efficiency of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) larvae (0.035 g) were investigated in two experiments. In the aquarium background colour trial, 50 larvae were stocked in duplicates in 120 L glass aquaria filled with dechlorinated tap water. The outside walls and bottoms of each pair of the aquaria were covered with coloured paper sheets to achieve one of six colours (white, black, red, green, yellow and blue), while noncoloured aquaria served as a control. The fish were fed an experimental diet (35% crude protein) at a daily rate of 5% of their body weight (BW), twice a day for 8 weeks. The best growth rates, feed efficiency and survival were achieved in larvae reared in light‐coloured aquaria (white, noncoloured and yellow). Fish performance was significantly retarded in larvae reared in dark‐coloured aquaria (red, green, black and blue). Body composition was not significantly affected by aquarium colour. In a feed colour trial, duplicate groups of larvae (0.035 g) were stocked at 50 fish per 120 L aquarium and fed a test diet (35% crude protein) with six different colours [dark blue, red, yellow, light brown (control), light green and dark brown] at a daily rate of 5% BW, twice a day for 8 weeks. The best performance and survival were achieved in fish fed on dark‐coloured diets (red, dark blue and dark brown). Light‐coloured diets (yellow, light green and light brown) resulted in inferior performance. Body composition was not significantly affected by feed colour. These results suggest that light‐coloured tanks should be used for rearing thinlip mullet, L. ramada larvae, while dark‐coloured diets are more preferable to light‐coloured diets.     

梭鱼鳞营养成分分析与品质评价

测定并分析了梭鱼鳞中的基本营养成分、氨基酸组成及含量。结果显示,梭鱼鳞中水分含量为51.56%,粗蛋白含量为25.50%,粗灰分含量21.19%,粗脂肪含量为0.06%。检测出梭鱼鳞中含有18种氨基酸,其中包括7种人体必需氨基酸。氨基酸总量为47.25%。梭鱼鳞的氨基酸评分（AAS）0.17,化学评分（CS）0.10。必需氨基酸指数为18.74。其构成比例不符合FAO/WHO标准。梭鱼鳞是一种良好的胶原蛋白的提取原料,具有医疗保健的价值,同时还可作为鲜味调料的提取原料。     

梭鱼早期发育过程中生长及主要消化酶活性的研究

选取梭鱼(Liza haematocheila)受精卵及出膜后3~28日龄鱼苗为研究对象,研究了主要消化酶活性的变化以及鱼苗的生长特点。结果表明,梭鱼苗全长、体重与日龄均呈指数相关;全长与体重呈幂函数增长相关,且为异速生长。梭鱼受精卵及鱼苗可检测到胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,且在受精卵中活性较低,未检测到脂肪酶活性。3~16日龄,胃蛋白酶活性逐渐降低至最小值,胰蛋白酶活性先升高,最大值出现在10日龄,之后降低,16日龄后,两种酶活性均显著升高(P0.05),均在28日龄达到最大;淀粉酶活性分别在3~10日龄和22~28日龄不断升高,最大值出现在28日龄;3~7日龄,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶均显著升高(P0.05),7~22日龄碱性磷酸酶不断降低,酸性磷酸酶保持稳定,22~28日龄,两种磷酸酶活性均显著升高(P0.05),碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的最大值分别在7日龄和28日龄。研究表明,梭鱼仔鱼消化酶并非外源性饵料所致,其活性与梭鱼发育阶段密切相关,亦在不同程度上受到外界环境和食性等因素的影响。     

Determination of spermatological properties of male Liza abu (Heckel, 1843) in Atatürk Dam Lake, Şanlıurfa

The aim of this study was to determine the spermatological characteristics in male L. abu during the spawning season. Semen was collected weekly by abdominal massage from 26 males in March. In collected semen, volume, motility, duration of motility, concentration and pH were determined. In the L. abu sperm, volume (μl), motility (%), duration of motility (s), concentration (×10⁹/ml), and pH values were found 45.76 ± 3.55, 54.25 ± 2.93, 330.15 ± 37.92, 4.27 ± 0.40 and 7.87 ± 0.05, respectively. A correlation was found between semen volume and semen pH. Semen volume and the duration of sperm motility were higher in the 2nd and 3rd sampling dates than in the 1st and 4th sampling dates (P < 0.05; P < 0.01, respectively). Neither sperm motility nor sperm concentration was affected by sampling dates. Major changes in semen pH were observed in the 4th sampling date (P < 0.001). The Pearson correlation test presented significant relationships with the duration of motility, semen volume, and motility. Semen pH values were significantly correlated with the sperm concentration and semen volume. Sperm concentration was inversely correlated with semen volume. Sperm motility and duration significantly correlated with total weight. Total length significantly correlated with the duration of motility and total weight. In conclusion, these characteristics represent a valuable baseline dataset for establishing a semen quality standard and provide background information that may be useful for assisted breeding programs in this species.