氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫相关指标的影响

为研究急性氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道免疫功能的影响,将对虾暴露于氨氮浓度为20 mg·L^-1的海水中72 h,测定了不同时间点肠道中抗病原感染指标如酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、溶菌酶(Lys)、酚氧化酶原(proPO)以及抗氧化功能指标如总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、热休克蛋白90(HSP90)等变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,氨氮胁迫后:1)ACP和ALP活性均于6 h显著升高(P<0.05),随后于48~72 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05);Lys活性于24 h显著升高至最大值(P<0.05),随后于72 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)T-AOC和SOD活性均于6 h和12 h显著高于对照组(P<0.05),随后于48 h和72 h显著降低(P<0.05)。3)HSP70基因表达水平于24 h显著升高至最大值,随后虽有降低,但仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05);HSP90和proPO基因表达水平均于12 h显著升高至最大值(P<0.05),随后于72 h降低至对照组水平(P>0.05)。研究表明,急性氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫功能相关指标影响显著,对其肠道免疫防御系统有明显的损伤作用。     

凡纳滨对虾下脚料生产甲壳素过程中盐酸的循环利用

为减少甲壳素生产过程中废酸液对环境的污染,降低甲壳素的生产成本,试验以甲壳素生产过程中的废盐酸为研究对象,利用硫酸和氯化钙反应进行回收、循环利用盐酸溶液,通过单因素试验和正交试验对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,脱钙废盐酸溶液最佳再生条件:反应温度为室温,硫酸质量分数为98%,硫酸与废盐酸中钙离子的摩尔比为2.3∶1,反应时间13 min,静置时间3.5 h,最佳条件下盐酸再生率为91.51%。利用最佳工艺条件对废盐酸进行再生处理,盐酸可循环重复利用5次,脱钙虾壳的碳酸钙残留量≤1.2%。     

深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸质量分数进行了比较分析。结果显示:1)网箱养殖对虾肌肉粗蛋白质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分质量分数无显著差异(P0.05);2)肌肉中检测到18种常见氨基酸,网箱养殖对虾肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和虾味氨基酸(PFAA)两者无显著差异(P0.05);3)肌肉中检测到30种常见脂肪酸,两者的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数差异显著(P0.05),以网箱养殖对虾较高;两者的棕榈酸(C16∶0)质量分数最高,且网箱养殖对虾EPA+DHA质量分数是池塘养殖的1.90倍。结果表明,网箱养殖对虾营养成分要优于池塘养殖,具有较高的营养价值。     

绍兴市凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘的理化环境和浮游植物

2016年和2017年分别调查了位于浙江省绍兴市滨海新区的12口凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘内的理化环境和浮游植物。结果显示:池塘内盐度变化范围为0~2,溶氧为6.2~13.9 mg/L,pH为7.5~9.8,总氨氮(TAN)为0.00~0.72 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)为0.00~1.70 mg/L,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)为0.18~4.77 mg/L,总氮为1.74~6.08 mg/L,总磷为0.20~2.72 mg/L,总有机碳为1.88~42.57 mg/L,C/N为10~39。池塘内浮游植物种类隶属6门、24科、42属,其中蓝藻和绿藻为优势种。浮游植物生物量为(0.15~2.30)×107cell/L,叶绿素a(Chl.a)为2.62~37.24μg/L。Chl.a与蓝藻生物量显著正相关。NO_2~--N和NO3--N均与pH显著负相关。初步分析认为高pH可能是导致2016年池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾死亡率较高的重要原因,因此采取措施控制蓝藻生物量和水体的p H应有助于提高对虾养殖的存活率。     

Effect of l‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate supplementation on growth performance,body composition,antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid (AsA), in the form of l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (LAPP) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Five practical diets (46% crude protein and 7.6% lipid) supplemented with graded levels of AsA (14.64, 48.55, 84.98, 308.36 and 639.27 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to five replicate groups of L. vannamei (mean initial wet weight 0.57 g). No significant differences were found on growth performance among all treatments. However, whole body lipid content significantly decreased with dietary AsA levels increasing. Activities of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly affected by dietary AsA levels. Shrimp fed LAPP‐free diet had higher malondialdehyde content than those fed the diets supplemented with LAPP. Dietary AsA levels higher than 308.36 mg kg^?1 diet increased the survival of shrimps after 1, 2 and 3 h of acute salinity change. Broken‐line regression analysis on survival after 3 h of salinity stress and second‐degree polynomial regression analysis on glutathione reductase data indicated that the optimal dietary AsA requirement of L. vannamei was estimated to be 306.39, 319.75 mg kg^?1 diet respectively.     

凡纳滨对虾越冬亲虾黑鳃病症的初步研究

为确定越冬凡纳滨对虾亲虾黑鳃病症病因,对患病亲虾病因进行分析。结果显示,越冬后患病亲虾鳃部观察到大量线虫。虫体特征显微结构显示,雌、雄性线虫的平均体长分别为(983.6±16.69)μm和(956.9±12.14)μm,虫体表皮不均质,具有2纵列侧分化、4根头刚毛、3个口腔实齿、5个杯形肛前附器,化感器横向扁椭圆形,食道不形成食道球;经鉴定,确定该线虫隶属于色矛科(Chromadoridae)、色矛属(Chromadorella)。组织病理观察结果表明,线虫感染后亲虾鳃组织坏死、溶解,黑色素沉积,游泳足基部出现黑化层。本文报道了一种由色矛线虫引起的越冬亲虾黑鳃病症。     

Histological alterations in gills of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in low‐salinity waters under different stocking densities: Potential relationship with nitrogen compounds

Two experimental modules with different stocking densities (M1 = 70 and M2 = 120 shrimp /m²) were examined weekly over a culture cycle in tanks with low‐salinity water (1.9 g/L) and zero water exchange. Results showed survival rates of 87.7 and 11.9% in M1 and M2, respectively. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and chlorophyll a were not significantly (p > .05) different between modules. In contrast, the concentrations of nitrogen compounds were significantly (p < .05) different between modules, except nitrite‐N (M2 were 2.31 ± 1.38 mg/L N‐TAN, 0.18 ± 0.49 mg/L N‐NO₂^? and 6.83 ± 6.52 mg/L N‐NO₃^?; in M1: 0.97 ± 0.73 mg/L N‐TAN, 0.05 ± 0.21 mg/L N‐NO₂^? and 0.63 ± 0.70 mg/L N‐NO₃^?). When waters of both modules reached higher levels of ammonia and nitrite, histological alterations were observed in gills. The histological alterations index (HAI) was higher in M2 (5‐112) than in M1 (2‐22).     

Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.     

养殖密度对硝化型生物絮团系统中凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

利用硝化型生物絮团系统进行凡纳滨对虾的养殖,并通过设置不同的养殖密度探究不同养殖密度下硝化型生物絮团系统对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和水质情况的影响。实验选择同一批标粗到一定规格的健康凡纳滨对虾[体长(4.80±0.25) cm,体质量(0.98±0.16)g],分成5个密度梯度组放养到养殖池中,进行为期45 d的养殖。结果表明:80～610尾/m~3范围内,硝化型生物絮团系统对非离子氨和亚硝酸盐氮可以控制在警戒浓度(0.2 mg/L)附近波动,为凡纳滨对虾健康生长提供了良好的环境,保证养殖存活率,另外该系统下适当的排污可以避免高密度养殖下硝酸盐氮积累太快;80～610尾/m~3时存活率随密度升高而下降,但产量随密度升高而增加。