Bacterial population in intestines of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei fed a synbiotic containing Lactobacillus plantarum and galactooligosaccharide

The aims of this study were to unravel the intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei after being fed a diet without (control) or with the synbiotic (SYN) for 60 days using next‐generation sequencing technology to see if changes in the intestinal microbiota were involved in the improved growth performance and health status of the shrimp. Next‐generation sequencing data showed that six phyla, 11 classes, 19 orders, 30 families, 58 genera and 73 species with taxonomic names assigned were detected. The majority of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was shared between the SYN and control shrimp and comprised 37 OTUs. However, intestinal biodiversity analyses revealed that SYN‐fed shrimp had a higher species richness, evenness and Shannon–Weaver index than did shrimp fed the control diet, but without reaching statistical significance. Interestingly, shrimp fed the SYN diet exhibited improved colonization of Lactobacillus plantarum and reduced prevalences of Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae in the intestines. These findings indicate that the SYN was able to modulate the intestinal bacterial community of shrimp and could be used to control vibriosis in shrimp.     

养殖密度对硝化型生物絮团系统中凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

利用硝化型生物絮团系统进行凡纳滨对虾的养殖,并通过设置不同的养殖密度探究不同养殖密度下硝化型生物絮团系统对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和水质情况的影响。实验选择同一批标粗到一定规格的健康凡纳滨对虾[体长(4.80±0.25) cm,体质量(0.98±0.16)g],分成5个密度梯度组放养到养殖池中,进行为期45 d的养殖。结果表明:80～610尾/m~3范围内,硝化型生物絮团系统对非离子氨和亚硝酸盐氮可以控制在警戒浓度(0.2 mg/L)附近波动,为凡纳滨对虾健康生长提供了良好的环境,保证养殖存活率,另外该系统下适当的排污可以避免高密度养殖下硝酸盐氮积累太快;80～610尾/m~3时存活率随密度升高而下降,但产量随密度升高而增加。     

益生菌制剂对凡纳滨对虾生长、营养代谢及抗氧化能力的影响

【目的】研究饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、营养代谢及抗氧化能力的影响。【方法】将凡纳滨对虾幼虾随机分成3组,对照组投喂仅用蛋白液包裹的基础饲料,试验组分别投喂含活菌量达10~8 CFU/g的凝结芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的试验饲料,养殖周期为28 d。于试验第7,14,21和28天取样,测定血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、一氧化氮(NO)含量及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、脂肪酶(LPS)、已糖激酶(HK)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC);试验结束后测定凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和肌肉营养成分。【结果】(1)与对照组比较,2个试验组凡纳滨对虾的终末体质量显著提高(P0.05),饲料系数显著降低(P0.05),肌肉中粗蛋白质、肌糖原含量和呈味氨基酸总量显著提高(P0.05);凝结芽孢杆菌组血清中TP、TC及TG含量与对照组差异显著(P0.05),地衣芽孢杆菌组TG含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。(2)凝结芽孢杆菌组GS活性在试验第14天显著高于其他2个组(P0.05);2个试验组HK活性在第21天显著高于对照组(P0.05);凝结芽孢杆菌组MDH活性在第21天显著高于对照组(P0.05);2个试验组LPS活性在第7天显著高于对照组(P0.05),2个试验组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)凝结芽孢杆菌组T-AOC活性在试验第7天最高(55.21 U/mL),地衣芽孢杆菌组在第14天最高(45.08 U/mL),均显著高于对照组(P0.05);2个试验组CAT活性在第21天最高,SOD活性在第7天最高,均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而2个试验组之间无显著差异(P0.05);凝结芽孢杆菌组GSH-PX活性在第28天最高(957.30 U/mL),地衣芽孢杆菌组在第21天最高(932.25 U/mL),均显著高于对照组(P0.05);凝结芽孢杆菌组NOS活性和NO含量均在第14天最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05);地衣芽孢杆菌组NO含量在第28天最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。【结论】地衣芽孢杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌均可作为饲料添加剂使用,提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能,增强其营养物质代谢水平,提高其抗氧化能力。     

Changes in physiological parameters involved in glutamine and urea synthesis in Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed Ampithoe sp. meal and exposed to ammonia stress

Two dietary formulas containing 0% (D0 group) and 33% (D33 group) Ampithoe sp. meal were fed to Litopenaeus vannamei for 42 days, and then, an ammonia stress test was performed to explore the mechanism by which dietary Ampithoe sp. meal supplementation improves the ammonia tolerance of shrimp. The changes in key enzyme activities and biochemical substances involved in glutamine and urea synthesis in shrimp under ammonia stress were investigated. The cumulative mortality in the D0 group and D33 group was 62.22% and 44.44% respectively. With the prolongation of ammonia exposure, the ammonia concentration in the haemolymph of both groups increased, but that of the D33 group was significantly lower than that of the D0 group. The glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity, glutamine concentration and urea‐N concentration in the haemolymph of the D33 group were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. In the gills of the D33 group, the glutamine concentration, arginase (ARG) activity and urea‐N concentration were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. In the hepatopancreas of the D33 group, the glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, glutamine concentration and urea‐N concentration were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. In the muscle of the D33 group, the GDH activity, GS activity, glutamine concentration and ARG activity were significantly higher than those of the D0 group. Consequently, our results indicated that dietary Ampithoe sp. meal supplementation could enhance glutamine and urea synthesis, thereby reducing ammonia accumulation in organisms, resulting in the improvement of ammonia tolerance in L. vannamei.     

Administration of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis induces growth,immune and antioxidant enzyme activities,gut microbiota assembly and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of dietary Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 11946 (BL) on the growth, immune and antioxidant activities, intestinal morphology and microbiota, and susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP_AHPND) in juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (LV). Juvenile LV (initial weight = 0.63 ± 0.001) were fed diets containing varying BL concentrations (0 (BL0), 10⁶ (BL1), 10⁷ (BL2) and 10⁸ (BL3) CFU/g feed) for 8 weeks. Growth performance, immune and antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal morphology significantly improved in the probiotic‐treated groups than the untreated. Regardless of the treatment group, the two dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas the two dominant genera were Ruegeria and Vibrio. Increasing inclusion of probiotics in diets led to significant increase in beneficial bacterial genera (Ruegeria, and Pseudoalteromonas) and a significant decrease in some known opportunistic pathogens (Vibrio, Tenacibaculum, Photobacterium, Kangiella and Spongiimonas) with the BL3 group witnessing the best. A 7‐day challenge study with VP_AHPND showed significantly high protection in the probiotic‐treated groups, with the BL3, BL2 and BL1 obtaining 51%, 34% and 22% relative percentage survival, respectively. In conclusion, BL at 10⁸ CFU/g feed should be used to help in shrimp production since it attained the most significant improvement.     

深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸质量分数进行了比较分析。结果显示:1)网箱养殖对虾肌肉粗蛋白质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分质量分数无显著差异(P0.05);2)肌肉中检测到18种常见氨基酸,网箱养殖对虾肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和虾味氨基酸(PFAA)两者无显著差异(P0.05);3)肌肉中检测到30种常见脂肪酸,两者的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数差异显著(P0.05),以网箱养殖对虾较高;两者的棕榈酸(C16∶0)质量分数最高,且网箱养殖对虾EPA+DHA质量分数是池塘养殖的1.90倍。结果表明,网箱养殖对虾营养成分要优于池塘养殖,具有较高的营养价值。     

Effect of l‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate supplementation on growth performance,body composition,antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid (AsA), in the form of l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (LAPP) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Five practical diets (46% crude protein and 7.6% lipid) supplemented with graded levels of AsA (14.64, 48.55, 84.98, 308.36 and 639.27 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to five replicate groups of L. vannamei (mean initial wet weight 0.57 g). No significant differences were found on growth performance among all treatments. However, whole body lipid content significantly decreased with dietary AsA levels increasing. Activities of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly affected by dietary AsA levels. Shrimp fed LAPP‐free diet had higher malondialdehyde content than those fed the diets supplemented with LAPP. Dietary AsA levels higher than 308.36 mg kg^?1 diet increased the survival of shrimps after 1, 2 and 3 h of acute salinity change. Broken‐line regression analysis on survival after 3 h of salinity stress and second‐degree polynomial regression analysis on glutathione reductase data indicated that the optimal dietary AsA requirement of L. vannamei was estimated to be 306.39, 319.75 mg kg^?1 diet respectively.     

Histological alterations in gills of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in low‐salinity waters under different stocking densities: Potential relationship with nitrogen compounds

Two experimental modules with different stocking densities (M1 = 70 and M2 = 120 shrimp /m²) were examined weekly over a culture cycle in tanks with low‐salinity water (1.9 g/L) and zero water exchange. Results showed survival rates of 87.7 and 11.9% in M1 and M2, respectively. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and chlorophyll a were not significantly (p > .05) different between modules. In contrast, the concentrations of nitrogen compounds were significantly (p < .05) different between modules, except nitrite‐N (M2 were 2.31 ± 1.38 mg/L N‐TAN, 0.18 ± 0.49 mg/L N‐NO₂^? and 6.83 ± 6.52 mg/L N‐NO₃^?; in M1: 0.97 ± 0.73 mg/L N‐TAN, 0.05 ± 0.21 mg/L N‐NO₂^? and 0.63 ± 0.70 mg/L N‐NO₃^?). When waters of both modules reached higher levels of ammonia and nitrite, histological alterations were observed in gills. The histological alterations index (HAI) was higher in M2 (5‐112) than in M1 (2‐22).     

凡纳滨对虾下脚料生产甲壳素过程中盐酸的循环利用

为减少甲壳素生产过程中废酸液对环境的污染,降低甲壳素的生产成本,试验以甲壳素生产过程中的废盐酸为研究对象,利用硫酸和氯化钙反应进行回收、循环利用盐酸溶液,通过单因素试验和正交试验对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,脱钙废盐酸溶液最佳再生条件:反应温度为室温,硫酸质量分数为98%,硫酸与废盐酸中钙离子的摩尔比为2.3∶1,反应时间13 min,静置时间3.5 h,最佳条件下盐酸再生率为91.51%。利用最佳工艺条件对废盐酸进行再生处理,盐酸可循环重复利用5次,脱钙虾壳的碳酸钙残留量≤1.2%。