体外产气法评价全株藜麦与全株玉米混合青贮饲料饲用价值

为提高全株藜麦的饲料化利用率，寻找其与全株玉米的最佳青贮比，试验共设全株藜麦与全株玉米比为100：0，90：10，80：20等11个组合进行青贮发酵，发酵60 d后测定各组青贮料的体外产气发酵指标，使用灰色关联度分析筛选出最佳青贮比例。结果表明，体外发酵至36 h时，各处理组GP趋于稳定，体外发酵减弱接近停止；全株藜麦与全株玉米比例为90：10时，该青贮饲料组合的粗蛋白（CP）和粗脂肪（EE）含量显著高于其他各组（P<0.05），乙酸（AA）、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）含量以及氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度显著高于其他各处理（P<0.05）。分析表明，全株藜麦与全株玉米比例为90：10时，混合青贮饲料的营养品质和产气发酵特性综合表现最好，可作为优质混合青贮饲料在家畜养殖中推广使用。     

In vivo growth and genomic characterization of rickettsia‐like organisms isolated from farmed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in New Zealand

A rickettsia‐like organism, designated NZ‐RLO2, was isolated from Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) farmed in the South Island, New Zealand. In vivo growth showed NZ‐RLO2 was able to grow in CHSE‐214, EPC, BHK‐21, C6/36 and Sf21 cell lines, while Piscirickettsia salmonis LF‐89^T grew in all but BHK‐21 and Sf21. NZ‐RLO2 grew optimally in EPC at 15°C, CHSE‐214 and EPC at 18°C. The growth of LF‐89 ^T was optimal at 15°C, 18°C and 22°C in CHSE‐24, but appeared less efficient in EPC cells at all temperatures. Pan‐genome comparison of predicted proteomes shows that available Chilean strains of P. salmonis grouped into two clusters (p‐value = 94%). NZ‐RLO2 was genetically different from previously described NZ‐RLO1, and both strains grouped separately from the Chilean strains in one of the two clusters (p‐value = 88%), but were closely related to each other. TaqMan and Sybr Green real‐time PCR targeting RNA polymerase (rpoB) and DNA primase (dnaG), respectively, were developed to detect NZ‐RLO2. This study indicates that the New Zealand strains showed a closer genetic relationship to one of the Chilean P. salmonis clusters; however, more Piscirickettsia genomes from wider geographical regions and diverse hosts are needed to better understand the classification within this genus.     

抗条锈病普通小麦-滨麦6BS·6NsS附加易位系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

易位系是向小麦转移外源种属优异基因的重要种质资源。普通小麦-滨麦衍生系M13063A-1由小麦-滨麦第六部分同源群二体异附加系材料连续自交获得。为了给普通小麦-滨麦衍生系M13063A-1的利用提供依据，本研究利用形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记等技术，对该材料进行了鉴定。细胞学鉴定结果显示，M13063A-1有丝分裂中期染色体数目为44条，减数分裂中期I染色体构型为2n=22Ⅱ，且在减数分裂后期Ⅰ可均等分离。原位杂交结果表明，M13063A-1含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对普通小麦-滨麦易位染色体，易位染色体长臂为滨麦Ns基因组染色体片段，短臂为6BS。分子标记分析确定M13063A-1携带的滨麦染色体片段为6NsS。成株期条锈病抗性鉴定显示，M13063A-1抗条锈菌生理小种条中31和条中32。因此，M13063A-1是一个抗条锈病的普通小麦-滨麦6BS·6NsS附加易位系，可以用作小麦抗病育种的桥梁材料。     

水稻细菌性条斑病和纹枯病生防细菌的复筛、室内防效及应用评价

采用活体生测法对前期工作中离体初筛出的5株水稻细菌性条斑病生防菌和5株水稻纹枯病生防菌分别进行复筛、温室防效测定和应用评价。结果表明,菌株GN233、GN222和GN223的菌悬液对水稻苗期细菌性条斑病有一定的防治效果,其中菌株GN233对细菌性条斑病的温室防效最好,达到28.90%,而药剂"稻丰TM多·福"可湿性粉剂的温室防效为34.20%;5株生防菌对水稻纹枯病均有不同防治效果,其中菌株GN222和GN211菌悬液的防治效果较好,分别达到44.4%和27.8%,而药剂"稻丰"可湿性粉剂的防效为33.3%;此外,筛选出的生防菌株GN222、GN233和GN211均对水稻生长具有促生作用。本研究结果可为水稻细菌性条斑病和水稻纹枯病的生物防治奠定基础。     

笼养东北虎(Panthera tigiris altacia)的行为观察(英文)

从1998年3月至2001年3月,采用全事件取样法和焦点动物取样法对哈尔滨动物园的4只笼养东北虎(1雄3雌)进行了系统的行为观察。笼养东北虎的行为可以分成5种主要的方式:运动、卧息、睡眠、取食和其他行为(饮水、排尿、修饰、嬉戏和站立)。在所有的行为类型中,睡眠和运动所占的比值很高(占整个时间分配的75.18%);而卧息、取食和其他行为仅占24.82%。除了取食,一只雄性和其中两种雌性东北虎的其他4种主要行为具有相似的活动规律,在白昼和夜晚各有一个活动高峰;而另外一只雌性东北虎在夜晚则具有两个活动高峰期。表2参16。     

Management Effects on Biomass and Foliar Nutritive Value of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gleditsia triacanthos</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">inermis</Emphasis> in Arkansas,USA

The browse potential of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and thornless honey locust [Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis (L.) Zabel] has not been adequately tested. Our objective was to determine effects of fertilization and pollarding on biomass and foliar nutritive value in separate studies of black locust and thornless honey locust in Arkansas, USA. Shoots were sampled monthly for two consecutive growing seasons in 2002 and 2003 to determine foliar, shoot, and total aboveground biomass, shoot basal diameter, and foliar nutritive value (crude protein and in vitro digestibility). Black locust yielded more foliar biomass when pollarded at 50 or 100 cm and fertilized with 600 kg P ha⁻¹, than at 5 cm with or without P, averaging 3.5 Mg dry matter ha⁻¹. Black locust foliar crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility ( ≤ 170 and 534 g kg⁻¹, respectively) decreased as leaves aged, but still met maintenance needs for beef cattle (Bos taurus L.). Thornless honey locust had little agronomic potential because of slow establishment, low foliar yield (330 kg ha⁻¹), and a 2% reversion to undesirable thorny phenotype. Black locust should be considered for livestock browse when drought induces semi-dormancy of herbaceous forages.     

心叶球兰组织培养与快速繁殖试验

以心叶球兰叶片为外植体,愈伤组织诱导和继代增殖培养基MS+6-BA2.0mg.L-1+NAA0.5mg.L-1+2,4-D1.0mg.L-1+GA1.0mg.L-1+白糖3%,诱导的愈伤组织多,生长旺盛,增殖倍数为2～3倍;丛芽诱导培养基MS+KT0.5mg.L-1+NAA0.5mg.L-1+GA1.0mg.L-1+白糖3%,芽的诱导率为79.3%;在丛芽增殖及复壮培养基1/2MS+IBA1.0mg.L-1+白糖2%上,有20%～30%玻璃化丛芽转为绿色苗,玻璃化单芽经复壮培养长成绿色苗;诱导生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.5mg.L-1+白糖2%,玻璃化生根率为56.4%,淡绿色苗生根率达91.1%。瓶苗移栽基质泥炭土∶珍珠岩∶甘蔗渣(1∶1∶1)的成活率最高,达91.4%。     

珍稀树种小叶银缕梅和宝华玉兰自然现状及其就地保护研究

野外实地分别调查了江苏宜兴市和句容市分布的珍稀树种小叶银缕梅（Parrotia subaequalis）和宝华玉兰（Magnolia zenii Cheng），掌握了这2种珍稀树种在江苏的自然分布状况及其群落学特征，统计了它们的种群规模和种群结构。经综合分析，对其就地保护的现状及保护建议提出了看法。     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics under windrowed residues during the establishment phase of a second-rotation hoop pine plantation in subtropical Australia

The dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), derived from the decomposition of windrowed harvest residues, was examined in the establishment phase of a second rotation (2R) hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A. Cunn) plantation in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Following harvesting and site preparation, when residues were formed into windrows, in situ N mineralisation was measured in positions along the three tree-planting rows formed between the windrows. The position above the windrow had a higher nitrification rate than the other positions, averaging about 18 kg N ha⁻¹/month compared with 12 and 9 Kg N ha⁻¹ for the positions between and below the windrow positions, respectively. This position also had consistently greater soil moisture.

Macroplots were formed extending 5 m above and 10 m below a windrow. Windrowed residues within the macroplots were replaced by ¹⁵N-labelled material comprising hoop pine foliage, branch and stem. Hoop pine trees were planted within each macroplot with foliar samples taken at 12 and 24 months. Differences in foliar ¹⁵N enrichment between positions within macroplots were <1‰. Soil samples were taken from positions along the macroplots at 6-monthly intervals. Samples revealed an initial release of labile C and N but soil δ¹⁵N showed that residue-derived N was largely immobilised within the windrows for the 30-month sampling period. Whilst the use of windrows may act as a barrier to the down-slope movement of water, the residue N within the windrows may not be available to the trees of the following rotation for a considerable period following planting. Trees closest to the windrows may be able to introduce roots under the windrows thereby gaining access to the available N, but trees in the central tree planting row are unlikely to derive any significant benefit from the decomposition of windrowed residues.     

Subacute chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes and the protective effects of catechin and quercetin

This study examined the effects of chlorpyrifos in the rat erythrocyte antioxidant system and evaluated the ameliorating effects of catechin and quercetin on the oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos. Sexually mature male Wistar rats were given chlorpyrifos (5.4 mg/kg, 1/25 of the oral LD₅₀), catechin (20 mg/kg), quercetin (20 mg/kg), catechin plus chlorpyrifos, and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos daily via gavage for four weeks. No statistical differences were found in the catechin-only and quercetin-only groups compared with the control group. By the end of the fourth week, chlorpyrifos alone increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared with the control group in rat erythrocytes. In the catechin-plus-chlorpyrifos and quercetin-plus-chlorpyrifos groups, there were statistically significantly decreased MDA levels and increased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities compared with the chlorpyrifos-only group. Thus, it appears that catechin and quercetin ameliorate chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vivo.