四氢异喹啉衍生物的合成及体外 抗多子小瓜虫活性的研究

合成四氢异喹啉衍生物并进行杀多子小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)药效评价。以1-甲基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉为起始原料，在2位的胺基上引入与环己甲酰氯、苯甲酰氯、噻吩甲酰氯、乙酰氯以及氯乙酰氯等不同的酰基进而合成5种四氢异喹啉衍生物(化合物1~化合物5)，研究其对小瓜虫掠食体和包囊的杀虫活性，并对杀虫活性物质进行安全性评价。结果显示，5种化合物均具有一定的杀虫活性，其中，化合物1 [(1-甲基-3,4-二氢异喹啉-2(1H)-基)-苯基-甲酮]的杀虫活性最强，其对多子小瓜虫掠食体4 h的100%杀灭浓度为24.0 mg/L，对包囊6 h的100%杀灭浓度为60.0 mg/L，对掠食体的半数致死浓度(LD50)为16.4 mg/L。急性毒性实验结果显示，化合物1对翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformi)的48 h LD50为234.3 mg/L，其安全浓度为64.1 mg/L。研究表明，化合物1 [(1-甲基-3,4-二氢异喹啉-2(1H)-基)-苯基-甲酮]是一种具有较好开发前景的杀小瓜虫药物。     

Experimental evidence for direct in situ binding of IgM and IgT to early trophonts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) in the gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Freshwater fish are able to mount a protective immune response against the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) following a non‐lethal exposure. Factors involved in immunity comprise cellular and humoral factors, but antibodies have been suggested to play a prominent role in protection. However, host antibodies have not yet been demonstrated to bind to the parasite in situ. By the use of immunohistochemical techniques, this study demonstrated that IgT and IgM bind to surface structures, including cilia, on the early feeding stage of the parasite in the gills of immune rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, shortly (2 h) after invasion. No binding of IgT and no or only a weak binding of IgM was observed on the parasites in the gills of similarly exposed but naïve rainbow trout. This study indicates that antibodies play an important part in the protection of immune fish against Ich although additional humoral and cellular factors may contribute to this reaction.     

链霉菌-XY52代谢产物对小瓜虫的体外杀灭活性研究

[目的]研究链霉菌发酵代谢产物对小瓜虫幼虫和包囊的杀灭活性.[方法]通过不同极性溶剂回流提取链霉菌发酵液,制备粗提物,进行杀灭小瓜虫幼虫和包囊的药效活性试验,并对活性部位进行安全性评价.[结果]链霉菌发酵液的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取物体外杀幼虫效果明显高于其他组别,其对小瓜虫幼虫的半数致死浓度分别为48.2和15.5 mg/L,正丁醇提取物浓度为30.0 mg/L时对小瓜虫包囊杀灭率为100％.急性毒性试验结果表明,正丁醇提取物对草鱼的48h半致死浓度为(LC50)为195.0 mg/L,其安全浓度为48.7 mg/L.[结论]链霉菌-XY52代谢产物有望开发为一种比较安全的杀虫候选药物.     

多子小瓜虫HSP70基因ORF的克隆及表达分析

热激蛋白（ HSP）是生物适应环境温度变化的重要媒介分子,本试验中克隆了多子小瓜虫Ichthyoph-thirius multifiliis HSP70（Im HSP70）基因的ORF,采用荧光定量RT-PCR法,在水温为20、25、30℃的条件下检测了HSP70基因在多子小瓜虫幼虫、滋养体和包囊3个不同发育阶段的表达情况。结果表明：Im HSP70基因的ORF为1995 bp,预测编码为664 aa; Im HSP70蛋白的二级结构主要以α-螺旋和无规卷曲为主,空间构型包括N端ATPase功能域和C端多肽结合功能域;与其他物种HSP70蛋白序列进行同源性比较发现, Im HSP70与螅状独缩虫Carchesium polypinum HSP70的同源性最高,为78.08%; Im HSP70与分类地位同为纤毛门的螅状独缩虫、嗜热四膜虫Tetrahymena thermophila、变藓棘毛虫Sterkiella histriomuscorum的HSP70聚在一个分支;3种温度下幼虫的HSP70表达量均最低,20℃和25℃时, HSP70基因在滋养体中的表达量显著高于幼虫和包囊（P〈0.05）,而30℃时, HSP70基因在包囊中的表达量显著高于滋养体和幼虫（P〈0.05）;30℃时HSP70基因在包囊中的表达量显著高于25℃（P〈0.05）。研究表明,试验所用多子小瓜虫的HSP70基因在30℃时仍大量表达,且能感染试验鱼,推测该虫株为热带型多子小瓜虫, HSP70基因在多子小瓜虫对抗外界高温环境中可能发挥着重要的作用。     

草鱼外周血白细胞组成及其受胁迫和感染的影响

为了得到可反映草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）健康状况的血细胞指标的基础数据,对4 种不同质量规 格的草鱼进行白细胞分类计数研究,并观察草鱼在硫酸铜、敌百虫处理以及多子小瓜虫感染后白细胞组成的变化。 结果表明,1 000 g组和500 g组规格草鱼的淋巴细胞比例显著高于250 g组,1 000 g组和500 g组规格草鱼的中性 粒细胞比例显著低于60 g组和250 g组。硫酸铜处理组的淋巴细胞分类计数显著高于对照组;高浓度敌百虫处理组 草鱼的淋巴和血栓细胞分类计数显著高于对照组;多子小瓜虫感染组草鱼中性粒细胞分类计数极显著下降,淋巴细 胞分类计数显著上升。说明个体大小、理化胁迫因子和病原感染都会影响草鱼白细胞组成比例。     

Heavy infection of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus,Sauvage 1878) and its treatment trial by different therapeutic agents in a control environment

ABSTRACT

Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings were stocked (60 fishes/m³) in cemented square tanks for ornamental fishery purposes at the College Fish Farm in Mangalore. A total of 400 fishes with a mean weight (g) ranging from 3.24 ± 1.21 to 6.70 ± 1.13 and a mean length (cm) of 7.50 ± 0.94 to 9.50 ± 1.10 were examined. A severe outbreak of salt-like granule white spots was found on the body surface. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliate pathogen, was identified as the causative agent by clinical signs, wet mount, and histopathological observations. Infected fishes were transferred and equally distributed to the 0.45 m³ glass aquaria and treated with three treatments: (T1) methylene blue + salt; (T2) raising temperature with salt; and (T3) formalin + malachite green. The best fingerling survival (55 ± 9.36%) was obtained by elevated water temperature with salt in T2.     

Immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts

The humoral immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) were determined after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts. Immunizations with live theronts or sonicated trophonts were carried out by both bath immersion and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Cutaneous and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and anti-Ich antibodies were measured 12 and 21 days post-immunization. The level of Ich infection and survival of catfish were determined after theront challenge. Cutaneous and serum anti-Ich antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection, or with sonicated trophonts administered by i.p. injection, than in fish immunized with sonicated trophonts by immersion, with bovine serum albumin by i.p. injection, or non-immunized controls. Host protection was noted only in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection or with sonicated trophonts by i.p. injection. There was a positive correlation between higher levels of anti-Ich antibodies and host survival in the immunized fish.     

鱼类"白点病"免疫防治的研究进展

多子小瓜虫（Ichthyophthirius multifiliis）和刺激隐核虫（Cryptocaryon irritans）是两种对鱼类最具致命性的寄生性纤毛虫,分别引起淡水和海水鱼类的＂白点病＂。多年来,该病给淡水和海水养殖造成了极大的经济损失。免疫学方法是防治＂白点病＂流行极具潜力并且具有诸多优点的方法。目前尚无商业化疫苗出现。从＂白点病＂可能的疫苗开发方向出发对目前＂白点病＂的免疫防治研究现状进行综述,以期对未来的研究提供参考。     

溶氧对斑点叉尾鮰免疫机能及抗病力的影响

[目的]研究溶氧水平对斑点叉尾鮰免疫机能及抗病力的影响。[方法]设置4个溶氧水平：（2.01±0.26）、（4.17±0.53）、（6.32±0.59）、（8.86±1.01）mg/L,分别记作A、B、C、D组,饲养斑点叉尾鮰,于饲养试验开始后的0、7、14、28、56d取样观察外周血白细胞数（WBC）、白细胞吞噬百分比（PP）和吞噬指数（PI）、溶菌酶活力、补体C3和C4水平、皮质醇及血糖水平,并观察小瓜虫感染后上述指标的变化及累计死亡率。[结果]饲养试验最后,WBC、PP、PI均以A组最低;饲养试验期间,A组溶菌酶活力、皮质醇水平和血糖水平先升后降,补体C3、C4含量显著降低;除血糖外,各组所有指标均在感染前期升高,后期显著降低;A组免疫指标在感染后期最低,同时累计死亡率最高。[结论]慢性低氧胁迫降低了斑点叉尾鮰的免疫机能及对小瓜虫的抗病力。     

多子小瓜虫生态特性研究现状

多子小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius multifilis)是淡水寄生性原生动物,分布广泛,对寄主无严格选择性,几乎能感染所有的淡水鱼类,常常给水产养殖业和观赏鱼业造成极大的损失,因此小瓜虫病一直是全球研究的热点。目前,针对小瓜虫病的研究大多从治疗方法上入手,而忽视了对多子小瓜虫的基础研究,本文就多子小瓜虫的生态特性、病理学特征与致病机理研究进展作一综述分析,旨在为国内小瓜虫病的研究提供一些借鉴。