翁源青云山自然保护区维管束植物区系特征分析

青云山省级自然保护区位于韶关翁源县的东南部,本研究在查阅文献、历史标本的基础上,对本区进行全面踏查、标本采集并鉴定,从而进行植物物种多样性编目和区系分析。结果表明：青云山自然保护区有维管束植物1336种（含种下分类单位）,其中石松类和蕨类植物132种,隶属于62属24科,裸子植物6种,隶属于4属4科,被子植物1198种,隶属于588属148科;本区的表征科主要以樟科（Lauraceae）、壳斗科（Fagaceae）、冬青科（Aquifoliaceae）等为主。植物区系地理组成复杂,主要以热带、亚热带为主,且热带、亚热带的过渡性质明显。从中国特有种的分布情况来看,该地区与湖南南部、广西东北部、江西西南部联系较为紧密,体现了南岭山脉植物区系的一致性与整体性;珍稀濒危植物共计48种;植被具有中亚热带向南亚热带过渡的特征。青云山自然保护区植物物种丰富度高、植被类型多样,建议将园洞、青山口等珍稀濒危植物分布较集中的地区列为优先保护区域。     

Enzyme Bioprospection of Marine-Derived Actinobacteria from the Chilean Coast and New Insight in the Mechanism of Keratin Degradation in Streptomyces sp. G11C

Marine actinobacteria are viewed as a promising source of enzymes with potential technological applications. They contribute to the turnover of complex biopolymers, such as pectin, lignocellulose, chitin, and keratin, being able to secrete a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. Among these, keratinases are a valuable alternative for recycling keratin-rich waste, which is generated in large quantities by the poultry industry. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic potential of 75 marine-derived actinobacterial strains, focusing mainly on the search for keratinases. A major part of the strains secreted industrially important enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases, and keratinases. Among these, we identified two streptomycete strains that presented great potential for recycling keratin wastes—Streptomyces sp. CHA1 and Streptomyces sp. G11C. Substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, inoculum size were found to be important parameters that influenced the production of keratinolytic enzymes in both strains. In addition, proteomic analysis of culture broths from Streptomyces sp. G11C on turkey feathers showed a high abundance and diversity of peptidases, belonging mainly to the serine and metallo-superfamilies. Two proteases from families S08 and M06 were highly expressed. These results contributed to elucidate the mechanism of keratin degradation mediated by streptomycetes.     

A report on the conservation status of segetal weeds in Tajikistan

Intensification of agriculture has significantly diminished the populations of segetal weeds worldwide in recent decades. Remarkable changes to the entire flora and vegetation of man‐made habitats are being observed in agroecosystems. The present study analyses, for the first time, the threat status of segetal weeds in Tajikistan. A group of 871 weed species were evaluated against IUCN criteria. The assessment of threat status revealed that 214 weed taxa have to be regarded as threatened in Tajikistan, including 18 endemic and four subendemic plants. Five species have been classified as extinct, 27 as critically endangered, 27 as endangered, 39 as vulnerable, 34 as near threatened and 44 as in the ‘least concern’ category. For 38 species, the threat level was not possible, due to lack of data. The most threatened group of taxa is related to rice paddy fields. Numerous losses and disappearances were also observed in cereal communities. Percentages of threatened species in different chorological groups amounted to 58% in the Irano–Turanian, 17% in the Pluriregional, 11% in the Mediterranean, 9.5% in the Cosmopolitan and 4% in the Euro–Siberian species group. Assessment of the threatened status of the rich segetal flora of Tajikistan affords the opportunity to raise awareness of the value of this group of species in the country and may be useful in the conservation management of arable habitats. The results show that even though agriculture in Tajikistan is still based on traditional management and manual work, weed control causes a serious threat to its segetal flora.     

湖北后河自然保护区珍稀濒危植物优先保护次序对比研究

采用样线、样地调查法,结合珍稀濒危保护植物优先保护次序定量研究评价指标,对后河保护区珍稀濒危植物保护现状进行评估,确定其优先保护次序并与前人研究结果进行对比。结果如下:(1)调查发现保护区现有珍稀濒危保护植物38种,隶属于27科34属,单种科、孑遗种占比较大。(2)经优先保护评价指标进行定量研究,发现属于Ⅰ级保护的植物有6种,占本次调查植物总数的16%;属于Ⅱ级保护的植物有18种,占本次调查植物总数的47%;属于Ⅲ级保护的植物有11种,占本次调查植物总数的29%;属于Ⅳ级保护的植物有3种,占本次调查植物总数的8%。(3)与前人研究结果对比发现,在共同研究的23种植物中,保护级别无变化和保护级别降低的植物各有10种,剩余3种植物保护级别上升。(4)此研究结果对了解后河保护区珍稀濒危植物现状、检验保护区珍稀濒危植物保护成效有重大意义,便于保护区根据研究结果及时调整保护策略。     

稀有放线菌的选择性分离、鉴定及生物活性研究

聚乳酸(PLA)和丝蛋白粉分别作为选择性碳、氮源可以有效提高稀有放线菌的分离效率,同时海洋环境中蕴藏着丰富的活性稀有放线菌,是发现新药的有效途径。为了筛选并鉴定海洋环境中产生活性物质的稀有放线菌,以聚乳酸和丝蛋白粉分别作为选择性碳、氮源,配制6种分离培养基,用平板稀释法分离放线菌;并用滤纸片法和MTT法对供测菌株发酵产物进行活性筛选。结果表明:共分离出96株稀有放线菌,分属于11个属;其中,80株菌对7种靶标菌显示出一定的抗菌活性;78株菌对肿瘤细胞具有不同程度的细胞毒活性。另外,比较了6种培养基对稀有放线菌的分离效果。从分离结果来看,最理想的是聚乳酸培养基。     

Streamflow environment predicts divergent life history phenotypes among populations of the Blacktail Shiner Cyprinella venusta: Temporal stability of a large‐scale pattern

Egg size variation among 16 Gulf Coast populations of Cyprinella venusta, the Blacktail Shiner, previously was shown to be significantly correlated with annual stream runoff. In this study, we examined egg size across multiple years and seasons in a subset of the original populations, focusing on three streams that differed widely in annual stream runoff. These populations appear to have been derived independently, possibly nearly synchronously in geological time, from an ancestral form. Thus, they can be considered statistically independent. Most of the variation in egg size was attributable to differences across the three populations. Although annual and seasonal variation was present, the three populations shifted similarly on both of these time scales. The results support an earlier hypothesis that streamflow, quantified using mean annual runoff, is a strong selective influence on egg size, hence offspring size, favouring larger egg size in populations inhabiting streams with greater levels of runoff.     

Correlates of lake use by breeding common scoters in Scotland

1. Many populations of sea‐ducks, which typically winter at sea but breed on fresh water, are declining. Numbers of common scoters Melanitta nigra (L.) breeding in Scotland halved between 1995 and 2007, despite most breeding sites having special conservation status. To identify potential conservation measures, a 3‐year study was conducted, investigating correlates of lake use by scoters. 2. At 26 scoter breeding lakes, food abundance (macroinvertebrates) and foraging habitats (substrates, water depth) were measured, and their associations with scoter lake use explored using multi‐model inference. Correlates of macroinvertebrate abundance (water quality, fish abundance) were also investigated. 3. Averaged over 3 years (2009–2011), these lakes held 26.7 (SE 6.3) females, around half the Scottish breeding population. Scoters occurred more often at lakes having abundant large‐bodied invertebrates and extensive shallow water. Lakes where the average weight of the largest invertebrate in each sample exceeded 4 mg had 9.2 times (females) or 27 times (broods) more scoter records than other lakes. Lakes where water depths (10 m from the shore) averaged less than 1.3 m had 2.5 times (females) or 12 times (broods) more scoter records than other lakes. 4. The abundance of large‐bodied invertebrates was greater where small fish species (mostly three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus) were more common and brown trout Salmo trutta were scarcer. 5. Results suggest two approaches to scoter conservation. At lakes used for hydro‐electricity generation, water level regimes that provide extensive shallow water should be tested to see if these benefit scoters. At lakes used for trout fishing, trout reduction by increased angling should be trialled, to see if this increases large‐invertebrate abundance and scoter use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Feasibility of using rare earth elements (REEs) to mark and identify escaped farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

A series of rare earth elements (REEs) were evaluated as potential markers in scales of Atlantic salmon 1⁺ and 0⁺ smolt by addition of these elements to the feed. Chlorides of 5 REEs were tested, alone or in combination: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy). The labelled‐diets contained 125 or 250 mg REE kg^?1 feed and were administered for up to 10 weeks. Fish scales were collected and analysed by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) before start, 5 and 10 weeks after labelling started and finally 2 or 4 months after marking. The results demonstrated that the five tested elements were clearly incorporated into the scales of the fish fed the supplemented diets. Uptake and concentrations increased gradually during the feeding period, and no principal differences were found between the two smolt types. Combining 2 REEs in the same feed did not affect the incorporation of either of them. After a ‘dilution’‐period of 2–4 months the concentrations of all markers (except La) in the scales of the treated‐fish were still significantly higher than those of the untreated‐fish. The background concentrations of the tested markers and some other elements were also measured and found to give interesting information.     

安徽省珍稀植物新纪录

水禾属和水禾为安徽省植物分布新纪录属和种。该文介绍了采自安徽省无为县禾本科单种属珍稀植物水禾的主要形态特征、生态特性和繁殖方法。     

7种稀土小檗碱配合物对4种农作物病菌的抑菌性及急性毒理性的研究

研究开发了7种新型稀土配合物。使用差热热重和红外表征了配合物，采用最低抑菌浓度实验，研究了配合物对4种（番茄溃疡病菌、向日葵菌核病菌、尖孢镰刀菌和胡萝卜黑斑病菌）农作物病原菌的敏感性；采用急性经口毒性和急性经皮毒性试验，考察其急性毒性。7种配合物均为低毒性药物，并且抑菌效果好。对向日葵菌核病菌最低抑菌浓度均为0.125 mg/mL。对番茄溃疡病菌抑菌效果最好的是Ce(NO3)3(B)3、Gd(NO3)3(B)3，最低抑菌浓度是0.125 mg/mL。对尖孢镰刀菌抑菌性最好的是La(NO3)3(B)3、Gd(NO3)3(B)3和Y(NO3)3(B)3，最低抑菌浓度是0.5 mg/mL。对胡萝卜黑斑病菌抑菌性最好的是Gd(NO3)3(B)3，最低抑菌浓度是0.5 mg/mL。结果表明7种新型稀土小檗碱配合物是一类广谱、高效、低毒的杀菌剂。