Tartary buckwheat breeding (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagopyrum tataricum</Emphasis> L. Gaertn.) through hybridization with its Rice-Tartary type

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a highly nutritious crop that is widely grown in Asia, but the flour contains a large portion of the hull if it is ground with industrial processing since the hull is very hard to remove as it adheres to the testa layer of the groat. Rice-Tartary, a particular type of Tartary buckwheat, has seeds with a loose hull and the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds that make dehulling easily. The present study reports on the first attempt of crop improvement in Tartary buckwheat breeding through hybridization. Hybrids were obtained by hybridization of crosses between Tartary buckwheat and Rice-Tartary. Additional crosses were made among selected progenies of these crosses. Based on progeny analysis of the F₁, F₂, and F₃, the character of Rice-Tartary, as exhibited as the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds, is controlled by one gene which is homozygous recessive. A Tartary buckwheat breeding program has been conducted for 6 years based on these crosses. Advanced lines with easy dehull and yield potential are at the stage of ready for yield trials. Production of easy dehulling Tartary buckwheat in the future could boost Canada’s domestic and international markets.     

10份彩色马铃薯亲本材料的杂交效果分析

[目的]对引进的10份彩色马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)亲本材料进行杂交组配,以确定其在杂交育种中的利用价值。[方法]试验材料种植在塑料大棚内,母本在07:00～11:00、16:00～18:00去雄。授粉于08:00～11:00进行,授粉后标明组合名称、日期及授粉花数。浆果成熟后统计浆果数及种子数。[结果]10份彩色马铃薯亲本材料均可在杂交育种中直接利用。AC0106、AC0131、紫云1号、AC0324、AC0391等宜作母本利用,其中,紫云1号作母本,平均坐果率48.8%,平均单果种子数76粒;AC1079、AC0338、AC0082、AC0849、AC0099作父本时有较高的组合成功率和坐果率,单果种子数亦较多,较之其作母本有较强的优势。其中,AC0082作父本,平均坐果率65.0%,平均单果种子数128粒。[结论]该研究可为10份彩色马铃薯在杂交育种中的利用提供科学依据。     

Hatchery introgression blurs ancient hybridization between brown trout (Salmo trutta) lineages as indicated by complementary allozymes and mtDNA markers

Populations living on the periphery of a species range are subjected to intense habitat pressures that stress their vulnerability to threats. South Iberian brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations are located on the southwestern boundary of the species range in Europe. This region has been described as a contact zone between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations in other fish species, and allozyme data detected natural hybridization between native Atlantic and Mediterranean brown trout in this area. Nevertheless, native pattern of populations relationships are threatened by hybridization with exogenous hatchery fish. Allozyme data and complete mtDNA control region sequences were used to analyse the ongoing processes of human mediated hybridization between native and hatchery brown trout in this region. Estimates of the persistence of hatchery genes detected a high level of introgression in some of the sampled locations (hatchery ancestry more than 25% in GF-1, GF-2 and GF-3), but results differed from both kinds of markers. The low intrapopulation diversity (H_s = 0.051) indicated that genetic drift could explain discrepancies between markers. At individual level, the complementary use of both markers detected more hatchery origin fish than those detected by the use of a single technique. Based on these results, the importance of considering a large number of genetic markers to evaluate introgression accurately is emphasized. The ability of the current management policies to the protection and conservation of marginal populations that retain complex and special evolutionary histories such as those studied is also questioned.     

树莓无刺性状杂交试验初报

对8个树莓品种物候期及有效授粉期进行了调查,'早红'开花成熟最早,'美国22号'开花成熟最晚;'无刺红'与其它7个品种的有效授粉期达10 d以上.以'无刺红,为母本与其它7个品种杂交授粉时,小核果坐果率的变化趋势与坐果率变化一致,果实的单果重倾向于母本,种子饱满、千粒重较大;以'无刺红'为父本时变化规律与之相似.对杂交后代实生苗的刺密度进行了调查,刺密度属数量性状连续变异,后代分离广泛,其中澳洲红自交后代无刺实生苗比例最大,可以达到30.56%.杂交后代刺密度组合传递力3.94,自交后代刺密度组合传递力1.67.     

家蚕丝质性状选择效果研究

本文采用系统选择、杂交改良等方法。对解舒、净度、强伸力、茧丝长等家蚕主要丝质性状进行了研究。结果表明,解舒、净度、茧丝长系统选择与杂交改良是有效的;对解舒率和茧丝长进行严格综合系统选择,在一定程度上能克服解舒率与茧丝长的负相关关系;系统选择法所建立的解舒好系与解舒差系能稳定遗传;解舒率与强力、伸长度成正相关,但相关程度很低,一代杂种的强力高于原种。     

薄壳苏芡新品种姑苏芡2号的选育

姑苏芡2号是以紫花苏芡为母本、本地紫花刺芡为父本杂交后,通过单株连续自交系统选育而成的芡实新品种。中早熟,植株无刺,生长势中等,紫花,叶片绿色,萼片短三角形,果实圆球形,直径10 cm左右;籽粒呈红褐色,直径1.4 cm。;米仁直径0.90 cm左右,种壳厚度0.25 cm左右;单果质量0.3 kg,单果籽粒质量0.27 kg,每667 m2鲜米产量110 kg左右。植株抗叶瘤病能力较强,较耐寒。适宜江苏省春季露地栽培。     

桑树新品种育71-1的育成初报

育71—1是通过杂交、单株选择、株系选择和品比试验等一系列选育程序,培育成功的新桑树品种。其主要经济特性与湖桑32号相比,发芽期早2—3天,发芽率提高28.7％,产叶量提高47.7％,叶质较优,丝质成绩相仿;抗旱性较强。目前,正在江苏的海安、溧阳及山东等部分地区试种。     

大豆整体去雄杂交技术

大豆整体去雄杂交技术是作者近十年来摸索着总结出来的大豆杂交实用技术,该技术实用性强、可操作性强、效率高,为大豆育种工作者和直接参与杂交工作的人员提供一项新技术.     

杂交与诱变相结合提高春小麦育种效果的研究

为给小麦育种工作者提供参考,总结了30多年春小麦杂交与诱变相结合的育种进展。从1974年至今,每年将各杂交组合当代种子均分为两份,一份用⁶⁰Co γ射线80Gy辐照,另一份种子不辐照,为单纯杂交材料,两部分材料同步筛选,育成了7个新品种,其中4个成为新疆春小麦种植面积最大的主栽品种。研究表明,中低剂量γ射线辐照春小麦杂种当代干种子,能够扩大杂种后代多数农艺性状的变异范围,株高与籽粒饱满度的相关系数有所降低,为选育矮秆兼抗旱的品种提供了可能。本项目育成的新春2号、新春6号等抗旱高产品种,连续20多年在新疆春小麦中种植面积为最大,近年又育成了优质品种新春26号等。认为杂交与诱变相结合,互相补充,可显著提高育种效率。另外,CIMMYT小麦种质在新疆春小麦育种中发挥了重要作用。     

小菊花器若干性状在F1代的表现

 以‘水晶白’、‘晚霞’等30个小菊品种为亲本,配制成28个杂交组合,对杂交后代的花器性状进行统计分析。结果发现,红色遗传能力大于黄色,且表现出较强的偏母性遗传特点,而原始色黄色和白色没有明显的偏母性遗传,以白色系品种作母本后代会出现许多亲本不具有的花色;杂交后代的舌状花数目、筒状花数目和花序直径与双亲比较,F,代表现出明显的遗传优势,杂种总平均舌状花数目、筒状花数目和花序直径分别相当于亲中值的122.6% 、128.7%、124.7% ,随着母本舌状花数目和筒状花数目的增大,杂种平均舌状花数目、筒状花数目和花序直径的增加幅度变缓,甚至出现衰弱的趋势,但花序直径除外。在花型上,平盘型的遗传能力比单窄瓣型的强。