滇中冷凉山区不同播期反季花椰菜产量效益分析

为摸索滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期以集成高效栽培技术推广应用,于2017—2018年选择海拔2250 m的云南省峨山县塔甸镇大西村地块进行9个播期的2年随机区组试验。结果表明,花椰菜生育期随播期推迟而延长,而花球采收期除播期7月10日外随播期推迟而逐渐增长;花椰菜株高、外叶数、开展度、球高、球径和单球重等农艺性状有随播期延迟呈现先逐渐减小而后又逐渐增大的趋势;莲座期黑腐病和霜霉病的病情指数随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐升高而后又逐渐下降的趋势;花椰菜小区产量随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐下降而后又逐渐提高的趋势,播期4月20日和4月30日与其余7个播期产量之间的差异达极显著水平。综合花椰菜在冷凉山区反季节栽培的生产实际和各播期产量产值及商品性表现,推荐滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期为4月20—30日。     

威宁县白萝卜优质生产技术

从播前准备、品种选择、播种方式和方法、田间管理、病虫害防治、适时收获等方面系统阐述了威宁白萝卜的优质生产技术措施，以期为广大农民朋友提供科学的技术指导和参考。     

基于高通量测序及分离培养初步研究美国大豆中真菌多样性

中国是全球最大的大豆进口国,进境大豆所携带的病原真菌传入我国的风险极高。基于高通量测序技术对6批美国大豆真菌多样性进行分析,同时采用分离培养获得单一菌株,依据菌落形态、显微结构及分子技术进行鉴定。高通量测序结果显示,大豆中所有真菌共计5门15纲35目63科112属155种,主要为链格孢属(Alternaria)、球腔菌科(Mycosphaerellaceae)、小戴卫霉科(Davidiellaceae)、小囊菌科(Plectosphaerellaceae)、赤霉属(Gibberella)、附球霉属(Epicoccum)、间座壳属(Diaporthe)、隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)。分离培养结果显示,得到真菌共计40株10种,分别是大豆北方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.caulivora)、大豆南方茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe phaseolorum var.meridionalis)、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌(Diaporthe longicolla/Phomopsis longicolla)、大豆炭腐病菌(Macrophomina phaseolina)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、菌核菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、附球菌(Epicoccum sp.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、小双胞腔菌(Didymella sp.)。     

Glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia inferred from a GRACE release-6 gravity solution for the period 2002–2016

We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.     

抗旱节水小麦分子遗传育种研究进展

干旱缺水等自然灾害会导致小麦产量年度间变幅较大,尤其在小麦主产区黄淮地区更为严重。小麦抗旱节水育种是应对干旱的重大措施。本综述对小麦抗旱节水常规育种、抗旱节水分子遗传育种相关性状QTL定位、抗旱相关功能基因克隆鉴定、转基因等方面的研究进展进行了综述。水旱亲本杂交与异地交叉选择是卓有成效的常规育种方法,通过分子标记鉴定了关于根重、根长、胚芽鞘、高水分利用效率等相关性状的大量QTL;42个抗旱相关基因被克隆并进行基因功能分析和验证,均从不同代谢通路上影响着小麦抗旱性;14个来自不同供体的抗旱相关基因被研究者导入小麦品种后,转基因小麦植株的抗旱能力均得到不同程度的提高,部分植株在产量和其它抗逆性方面也得到提高。以上研究进展为抗旱节水小麦分子设计育种提供了理论依据和发展方向。     

The effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) performance and water quality dynamics in high tunnel-based biofloc systems

The use of artificial substrates in shrimp aquaculture may allow for production of shrimp at increased densities while providing a growth medium for microbes that assist with water quality processes and provide supplemental nutrition for shrimp. Greenhouse-based shrimp production systems can extend the shrimp production season in temperate climates while conserving water and energy. For this study, we evaluated the effects of providing extra substrate and shrimp density on water quality and shrimp production in greenhouse-based biofloc systems. Four 11-m³, wood framed, and rubber-lined tanks were constructed in each of four high tunnel greenhouses (for a total of 16 tanks). Four treatments were evaluated: high-density stocking with substrate (HDS), high-density stocking with no substrate (HDNS), low-density stocking with substrate (LDS), and low-density stocking with no substrate (LDNS). Each treatment was randomly assigned to one tank in each tunnel to block for location. No artificial heat was used, and shrimp were grown for 120 days. High-density systems were stocked at 200 shrimp/m³ while low-density tanks had 100 shrimp/m³. Adding substrate increased total in-tank surface area by 13.4%. The addition of substrate had no significant effect on any shrimp production or standard water quality parameters. Shrimp had significantly greater final weight, faster growth rate, and lower feed conversion rate in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.02 for all). Total shrimp biomass production was significantly higher in high-density treatments (HD: 4.0 kg/m³; LD: 2.3 kg/m³; P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in survival between densities (HD: 91.3%; LD: 94.5%; P = 0.43). Peak and overall mean nitrite levels were significantly higher in high-density treatments compared to low-density treatments. Dissolved oxygen levels and pH over the course of the study were significantly lower in high-density treatments, likely due to increased respiration rates in the water column. This project shows the feasibility of shrimp production in temperate climates with no artificial heat using high tunnel greenhouses, few impacts of added substrate on shrimp production, and increased shrimp density can result in much larger harvests with few negative impacts on production metrics.     

Comparative study of the intestinal microbial community of wild and cultured kaluga sturgeon,Huso dauricus

The kaluga, Huso dauricus (Georgi 1775), is a large‐sized semi‐anadromous sturgeon native to the Amur River basin. Gut microbes play an important role in the growth and development of fish. Because wild samples of this species are difficult to obtain, very few studies have analysed the microbial community of the kaluga gut. Here, we used high‐throughput sequencing to determine differences in the intestinal microbial communities of wild and cultured kaluga, to lay the foundation for development of micro‐ecological preparations that might ultimately assist with conserving wild kaluga by benefitting sturgeon aquaculture. Two 2‐year‐old (wild) fish collected from the Heilongjiang River basin were size‐ and age‐matched with two 2‐year‐old (cultured) fish obtained from a breeding base in Yunnan Province, for molecular analysis of gut samples. In total, 483,008 16S rRNA sequences were obtained. The intestinal microbial diversity was greater in the wild kaluga than in the cultured fish. The dominant phyla in the gut community of wild kaluga were Proteobacteria (47.9%), Fusobacteria (30.5%) and Firmicutes (8.85%), whereas samples from the cultured kaluga were dominated by Fusobacteria (78%). This result may be attributed to differences in environmental conditions, particularly water quality and temperature, as well as diet between the wild and cultured animals. The findings provide basic data to assist further research and the development of feed as a part of artificial breeding technology.     

2019年美国玉米高产竞赛简报

介绍2019年美国玉米高产竞赛情况和竞赛结果，分析全美优胜者的分布区域、选用种子品牌及信息，进而分析玉米高产原因，从而提出美国玉米高产竞赛对我国玉米生产的启示和建议。     

华北平原地下水压采区冬小麦种植综合效应探讨

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植模式为维护国家粮食安全发挥了重要作用。但冬小麦生长期正处于华北平原降水较少的干旱季节,实现高产依赖于灌溉,是华北平原地下水超采的主导因素之一。随着国家地下水限采政策的实施,在地下水超采区如何稳定冬小麦的种植面积和产量是面临的一个重要问题。本文通过综述以往研究并结合典型地点田间试验结果,从冬小麦种植可减少休闲期土壤蒸发损失、具有的深根系系统可充分利用土壤储水、可利用微咸水替代淡水灌溉、通过限水灌溉发展优质麦生产、冬春形成覆盖层美化和防沙尘效应等方面论述了华北平原种植冬小麦的优势,提出华北平原冬小麦生产需要转变传统高耗水高产量理念,充分发挥冬小麦抗旱、耐盐能力强的特点,在不实施大规模压缩冬小麦种植面积条件下,通过冬小麦限水灌溉和微咸水利用满足对地下水压采需求,充分发挥华北平原冬小麦种植冬春防风沙、美化环境的生态功能,同时满足区域口粮安全的保障功能。     

花期高温胁迫对黄淮地区夏玉米生产的影响及应对措施研究进展

本文针对近年来黄淮地区高温频发的气候条件限制,综合当前国内外研究进展,分别从产量和干物质积累、光合、花粉及授粉受精、子粒灌浆、子粒品质和内源激素等6个方面分析了高温胁迫对玉米生产的影响。结果表明：高温对玉米授粉结实、干物质积累及内源激素含量产生影响,降低了玉米光合速率及子粒灌浆速率,从而降低子粒产量。此外,高温提高子粒中蛋白质含量,使淀粉及脂肪含量相对降低,影响子粒品质。结果表明,通过选育、选用抗（耐）高温品种,配以外源激素及微肥的使用,采用适当晚播及合适的水肥栽培措施,可达玉米抗高温高效生产。