亮斑扁角水虻形态观察及诱产卵菌的筛选

【目的】 研究引进亮斑扁角水虻在室内饲喂条件下的生活史、成虫种群雌雄比例变化规律,对其卵表及幼虫肠道中诱成虫产卵菌进行筛选和鉴定,为亮斑扁角水虻在本地区的规模养殖和综合利用提供理论依据。【方法】 引进亮斑扁角水虻,在室内光照条件下饲喂4代,用直接观察法记录亮斑扁角水虻在不同饲喂条件下的生活史和生活习性,显微拍照记录水虻各龄期的形态特征;用稀释涂布平板及平板划线的方法,对亮斑扁角水虻卵携带菌及其幼虫肠道菌进行分离纯化,筛选可诱导产卵的菌株,并鉴定。【结果】 与内地相比,亮斑扁角水虻在新疆饲养周期稍有延长,但其发育完好,能够在本地区进行世代饲养;观察并记录了其卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫及其其生殖器形态;筛选到对亮斑扁角水虻雌性成虫有诱导产卵效果的两株菌e1、Y3,其发酵液处理组平均产卵量分别为对照组的6.26和7.40倍,两株菌皆为革兰氏阳性菌,16S RNA测序初步鉴定e1为暹罗芽孢秆菌,Y3为节杆菌属,且Y3为1种潜在的新菌。【结论】 引进亮斑扁角水虻在新疆能够周年循环养殖,具有规模生产及综合开发利用潜力。     

不同饲粮粗蛋白质水平下黑水虻蛋白替代豆粕对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋清品质及血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同饲粮粗蛋白质水平下黑水虻蛋白替代豆粕对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋清品质及血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响。采用单因素随机试验设计,选用252只产蛋率相近的33周龄罗曼白蛋鸡,随机分为3组,每组7个重复,每重复12只鸡。各组分别饲喂标准回肠可消化氨基酸(SIDAA)平衡模式下配制的不同粗蛋白质水平(16.50%、14.85%、13.20%)的玉米-豆粕-黑水虻蛋白饲粮,各组黑水虻蛋白与豆粕提供等量的粗蛋白质。预试期2周,正试期12周。结果表明:1)与16.50%组相比,14.85组%和13.20%组的产蛋率和平均日采食量无显著影响(P>0.05),平均蛋重显著降低(P<0.05),料蛋比显著升高(P<0.05);13.20%组的产蛋量显著降低(P<0.05),14.85%组的产蛋量无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与16.50%组相比,14.85%组的平均蛋重、蛋清重、浓蛋白重、蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋清比例均无显著差异(P>0.05);13.20%组的平均蛋重、浓蛋白重、蛋白高度显著降低(P<0.05),蛋清重和哈氏单位呈下降趋势(P=0.0513和P=0.0673)。3)各组血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性及总蛋白、白蛋白、尿酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。16.50%和13.20%饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋鸡输卵管膨大部分泌功能有轻微不良影响。由此可见,在SIDAA模式下,以黑水虻蛋白替代豆粕并使饲粮粗蛋白质水平降低至14.85%时对鸡蛋蛋清品质无不良影响。     

黑水虻的生物学特性及在家禽生产中的应用研究进展

随着人民生活水平的提高,饮食消费需求加大,畜禽养殖业得以迅速发展,随之而来的是国内饲料资源尤其是蛋白资源变得更加紧缺。在国外蛋白原料产量高、价格低的情况下,中国饲料业生产过度依赖进口,为了促进国内外饲料贸易的均衡发展,同时降低饲料成本,优化饲料生产结构,寻找和开发新型蛋白饲料资源是目前养殖业亟需解决的艰巨任务之一。昆虫是一种生产资源,其蛋白质含量丰富,可替代部分蛋白饲料资源,如今昆虫饲料资源化逐渐成为研究热点。黑水虻作为一种应用前景广阔的资源型昆虫,具有繁殖快、食性杂、抗逆性强等特点,富含蛋白质、脂肪,并含有抗菌肽、甲壳素、月桂酸等活性物质,常应用于养殖生产。黑水虻替代饲粮中的蛋白质原料能够提高家禽生产性能、改善产品品质和肠道健康、增强机体免疫功能,且有对家禽粪便进行资源化利用等作用。作者综述了黑水虻的生物学特性、营养特性及其对家禽生产应用的影响,以期为黑水虻的进一步资源化开发利用及其在家禽生产中的作用机理及标准化应用研究提供参考依据。     

黑水虻处理中小型猪场废弃物生产有机肥技术

随着中小型生猪场的快速发展,猪场废弃物产生量激增。猪场废弃物的环保有效处理是保持猪场具有良好生态环境的重要前提。黑水虻可以快速彻底将畜禽的粪便转化为优质蛋白饲料,即在保护环境的同时,不但能有效解决猪场废弃物堆积问题,且能变废为宝。本文主要介绍了利用黑水虻处理生猪粪污的工艺流程、质量要求和注意事项,同时分析了黑水虻处理粪便工艺的用价值和优势,为猪场粪便的处理提供参考依据,以达到猪场废弃物环保高效循环利用的目的。     

黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物数量和代谢产物的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物数量和代谢产物的影响。本试验选取72头130日龄、健康且初始体重相近（（76.0±0.56）kg）的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,随机分为3个处理组,每组8个重复,每个重复3头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂含有4%（4%组）和8%（8%组）的黑水虻幼虫粉,通过调整日粮配方,3组日粮的蛋白含量和代谢能一致。于正式试验的第42天,每个重复选取1头体重接近平均体重的猪进行屠宰,取盲肠食糜用于相关指标的测定。结果表明：1）与对照组相比,日粮添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了盲肠食糜Bifidobacterium、Lactobacillus、Prevotella、Clostridium cluster IV和Roseburia的数量（P<0.05）,而降低了Escherichia coli的数量（P<0.05）;日粮添加8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了Prevotella和Bifidobacterium的数量（P<0.05）。2）与对照组相比,日粮添加4%和8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了盲肠食糜中乳酸、总短链脂肪酸和乙酸的浓度（P<0.05）,同时,日粮添加8%黑水虻幼虫粉还降低了戊酸的浓度（P<0.05）;对于氮代谢产物而言,与对照组相比,日粮添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了盲肠食糜中总生物胺、尸胺、腐胺、精胺、对甲酚和苯酚的浓度（P<0.05）,而日粮添加8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了尸胺和苯酚的浓度（P<0.05）。综上所述,本试验条件下,在日粮中添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉可增加育肥猪盲肠食糜中部分有益微生物的数量和有益代谢物的浓度,降低潜在致病菌的数量和氮代谢化合物的浓度,表明一定比例的黑水虻幼虫粉可作为优质的蛋白质饲料原料应用于养猪生产中。     

The effect of insect meal as a feed ingredient on survival,growth, and metabolic and antioxidant response of juvenile prawn Palaemon adspersus (Rathke, 1837)

For successful prawn aquaculture, feeds should be based on readily consumed ingredients that promote survival and optimal growth performance. This pilot study investigates the rearing of juvenile Baltic prawn Palaemon adspersus. Two feeding trials were carried out for 60 days; both incorporated insect meals, the first one in fishmeal‐based diets, whereas the second one in plant meal ones. Insect meals derived from larvae of Tenebrio molitor (TM), Hermetia illucens (HI) and Musca domestica (MD) were tested as feed ingredients. This study indicated that the inclusion of HI in fishmeal diets resulted in significantly higher growth performance and survival of the prawns, whereas the MD diet led to similarly high growth performance reducing significantly their survival. Growth performance was not affected by the insect inclusion in the plant‐based diets, but survival was higher in the TM and HI inclusion diets. The inclusion of TM and HI resulted in higher protein and energy content of the prawns’ muscle when incorporated in fishmeal and plant meal diets respectively. No significant differences were observed in the activities of hepatopancreas’ amino acid‐catabolizing enzymes. Concluding, the combinations fishmeal–HI and plant meal–TM can be used for the successful rearing of Baltic prawn.     

貉肉与菌糠复配对亮斑扁角水虻生长发育的影响

为了研究貉肉与菌糠复配对亮斑扁角水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)幼虫生长、预蛹及蛹的发育、成虫历期、饲料系数以及虫沙产出量的影响,在温度20～25℃,湿度70%～80%的环境下,以菌糠与貉肉按不同比例配制饲粮进行饲喂,比较了不同处理亮斑扁角水虻生长发育的差异。结果表明,10%菌糠+90%貉肉处理对亮斑扁角水虻幼虫生长发育的影响最佳(P0.05),体长、体重、死亡率各指标的处理间无显著性差异(P0.05);10%菌糠+90%貉肉预蛹重及蛹重显著高于全貉肉、40%菌糠+60%貉肉(P 0. 05),与其他处理差异不显著(P0.05); 10%菌糠+90%貉肉处理饲料系数显著低于全貉肉、全菌糠处理(P0.05),同其他处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。在生产实践中,建议采用10%菌糠+90%貉肉处理组饲喂亮斑扁角水虻较好。     

Effect of replacing dietary fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal on growth and fatty acid composition of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To explore the effect of replacing dietary fish meal (FM) with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth and body composition of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian), the FM in basal diet of Jian carp was replaced by 0, 35, 70, 105 and 140 g/kg BSFLM respectively to form five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets. A total of 300 Jian carp (10.1 ± 1.6 g) were randomly divided into five groups (triplicate per group) and fed five diets, respectively. After 56 days of feeding, growth and body composition of fish were determined. Results showed that serum maleic dialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 in fish significantly decreased and 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0 significantly increased with increasing replacement of BSFLM. The growth, biological parameters, proximate composition, amino acid composition and serum biochemical parameters of Jian carp were not affected by the replacement of BSFLM. In conclusion, up to 140 g/kg BSFLM (100% replacement of FM) can be included in diets of Jian carp without unfavourable effects on growth while decreasing n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) composition in body of fish, suggesting that BSFLM could be used after nutrient enrichment with n‐3 HUFA to bring active effects on fish quality.     

Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal protein as a fishmeal replacement on the growth and immune index of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

A 65 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a fish meal (FM) protein alternative in the diet of yellow catfish. Fish meal protein was replaced with BSFL meal protein at 0% (control), 13%, 25%, 37%, 48%, 68%, 85% and 100%. Compared with the control group, increased growth performances (e.g. weight gain rate increased by 21.7%) and immune indexes (e.g. serum lysozyme activity increased by 6.8%) of yellow catfish fed with diets in which a maximum of 48% FM protein was replaced by BSFL meal protein was determined. The diet in which 25% FM protein was replaced by BSFL meal protein resulted in the greatest growth performances (e.g. weight gain rate increased by 29.1%) and immune indexes (e.g. serum lysozyme activity increased by 31.9%) as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.9) among all diets tested. No significant differences in survival rate, body indexes or composition were determined among all treatments. Therefore, BSFL meal protein has the potential to partially replace FM protein in the diet of yellow catfish, and it may also enhance the immunocompetence of the fish.     

发酵猪粪对黑水虻转化率的影响及黑水虻幼虫和虫沙营养成分测定

研究了发酵猪粪与新鲜猪粪对黑水虻转化率的影响,并对新鲜猪粪饲养的黑水虻幼虫及虫沙的营养成分进行了测定。结果表明,发酵猪粪与新鲜猪粪对黑水虻转化率的影响不显著。新鲜猪粪饲养的黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白及粗脂肪的含量分别为40.2%和33.7%,含有丰富的氨基酸及脂肪酸。转化后残渣的有机质含量为71.88%,总氮含量为2.32%,总磷(以P2O5计)含量为5.19%,总钾(以K2O计)含量为1.25%,p H为7.3,符合有机肥料标准。