大肠杆菌感染后家蝇幼虫血细胞中ACP和POD活性的变化

[目的]了解酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和过氧化物酶（POD）在家蝇（Musca domestica）幼虫血细胞中的定位以及大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）对血细胞中ACP、POD活性的影响。[方法]采用酶细胞化学技术测定感染前后家蝇幼虫血细胞中ACP、POD活性,用显微摄影及定量图像法进行观察。[结果]感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性均较正常组极显著增加（P〈0.01）。感染前后原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞中均未见ACP、POD的阳性反应物。[结论]感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性增强,提示浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫参与免疫反应的主要细胞类型,而原血胞、珠血胞及类绛血胞不参与细胞免疫反应。     

昆虫血细胞的形态分类及其免疫作用的研究进展

对昆虫血细胞的形态、分类和免疫作用等进行了综述。     

Expressed sequence tag analysis of phyllosomas and hemocytes of Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus

Two complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were constructed from phyllosomas and hemocytes of adult Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus and a total of 2,673 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained. After assembly and clustering, 450 and 458 unique sequences were found from the phyllosoma and hemocyte cDNA libraries, respectively. Of these, 114 and 220 ESTs showed significant homologies with known genes in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The remaining sequences were of unknown function. Immune-related genes found in this study include lectin, proteinase inhibitor, prophenoloxidase, heat-shock protein, antimicrobial peptide, and a few putative defense-related proteins.     

重离子射线照射对家蚕造血器官的生理效应

用碳离子和氦离子射线局部照射家蚕 5龄第 3日幼虫的造血器官 ,调查了对循环血球密度和种类 ,以及其后生长发育和变态的影响。照射后家蚕变态困难 ,结茧率、化蛹率和羽化率显著降低 ;幼虫血液中血球密度在照射后 8～ 2 4h短暂上升 ,随后快速下降 ,5龄后期血球密度显著低下。上述变化程度随射线剂量增加而更加显著 ,而两种离子射线之间没有明显差异。血液中各种血球的比例虽然没有很大变化 ,但照射后出现了一种大型血球。     

家蝇幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后的形态变化

[目的]观察大肠杆菌感染对离体家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞形态的影响,了解参与家蝇幼虫细胞免疫反应的细胞类型。[方法]对家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞进行体外培养,并于培养后2、4、6、8 h对血细胞形态进行观察;离体家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞中加入大肠杆菌菌液,观察感染后不同时间血细胞形态的变化。[结果]家蝇三龄幼虫血细胞培养2 h后可区分血细胞的5种类型,培养6 h后血细胞部分贴壁;感染大肠杆菌后浆血胞发生空泡、细胞变形等变化,粒血胞周围见大量细菌聚集,未见原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞形态的变化。[结论]浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫细胞免疫反应的主要参与者,而原血胞、珠血胞及类绛血胞不参与细胞免疫反应。     

家蝇幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后的形态变化（摘要）（英文）

[目的]观察大肠杆菌感染对离体家蝇三龄幼虫血细胞形态的影响,了解参与家蝇幼虫细胞免疫反应的细胞类型。[方法]对家蝇三龄幼虫血细胞进行体外培养,并于培养后2、4、6、8 h对血细胞形态进行观察;离体家蝇三龄幼虫血细胞中加入大肠杆菌菌液,观察感染后不同时间血细胞形态的变化。[结果]家蝇三龄幼虫血细胞培养2 h后可区分血细胞的5种类型,即原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞,其中浆血胞又分为大核浆血胞和小核浆血胞2种;培养6 h细胞部分贴壁,少量浆血胞已生长成梭形,部分细胞伸出长短不等的伪足;培养8 h后培养血细胞发生黑化反应,液体发黑,不易观察;感染后2 h粒血胞周围见大量细菌聚集;感染后4 h浆血胞（主要是小核浆血胞）发生变形、碎裂、胞质普遍出现大小不等的空泡;感染后6 h浆血胞、粒血胞聚集成团将细菌包裹形成包囊;感染后8 h培养液完全黑化,已无法观察。,其中未见原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞形态的变化。[结论]浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫细胞免疫反应的主要参与者,而原血胞、珠血胞及类绛血胞不参与细胞免疫反应。     

Hemocyte characteristics in families of oysters, Crassostrea gigas, selected for differential survival during summer and reared in three sites

High variability among individuals is often encountered when hemocyte characteristics are measured in bivalves. Such variability is suspected to result partly from genetic factors. In this study, hemocyte characteristics of six families of Crassostrea gigas were compared by flow cytometry at one sampling date in October 2001. These families were obtained from a nested, half-sibling cross design, and reared from July to October 2001 at three sites distributed along the French Atlantic coast from north to south: Baie des Veys (Normandy), Rivière d'Auray (Brittany) and Ronce (Marennes-oléron Basin, Poitou Charentes).

Among the 15 measured hemocyte characteristics, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of untreated hemocytes (maintained in filtered sterile seawater) and treated hemocytes (zymosan at 20 particles per hemocyte, and with Vibrio sp. S322 at 50 bacteria per hemocyte) was the most notable differences between families. This supports the existence of a genetic basis, at least partly, for the hemocyte characteristics of oysters, and especially for ROS production.

Among the six families analyzed, three have shown high survival during summer (named as “resistant”, mean mortality 5.2%) and three experienced high mortality during summer (named as “susceptible”, 30.6% mean mortality). Families showing high or low survival to summer mortality had similar hemocyte characteristics, regardless of the environmental conditions or reproductive state. Resistant families were observed to have higher total hemocyte counts and lower production of ROS than susceptible families. Moreover, ROS production of hemocytes from susceptible families was diminished significantly more by pathogenic Vibrio than that of resistant families. However, this study demonstrates also that rearing site strongly affected the hemocyte characteristics of all families of oysters, most notably hemocyte concentration and morphology (size and granularity), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and susceptibility to the cytotoxic activity of the pathogenic Vibrio sp. S322 (50 bacteria/hemocyte). Food availability and reproductive state are the most probable explanations for the site differences observed. Finally, it appeared difficult to link oyster survival during summer mortality to hemocyte profiles evaluated at one sampling date; other relevant indicators would probably help explaining oyster survival during summer mortality events.     

家蚕血细胞系BmHc对脂多糖(LPS)和20-羟蜕皮酮(20E)的敏感性

为研究家蚕的细胞信号转导及外源基因在家蚕血细胞中的表达,用TC-199培养基建立起一个血细胞系BmHc。BmHc细胞系由原血球、小球细胞、颗粒细胞和浆细胞等血细胞组成,细胞倍增时间约30 h。脂多糖(LPS)刺激血细胞合成抗菌蛋白和多肽,启动细胞吸收Ca2+参与细胞的增殖。用Flu-3 AM处理细胞30 min并结合TCS-SP2激光共聚焦扫描显微镜技术对Ca2+的分布、定位进行研究的结果表明,Ca2+主要分布在原血球和颗粒细胞的膜表面,但有部分荧光分布深入到原血细胞核,显示细胞核参与了钙信号的转导途径。同等条件下,用20羟蜕皮酮(20E)处理仅可见轻微的荧光反应。LPS激发并打开了细胞膜上的Ca2+通道,引起细胞内Ca2+浓度的变化。在培养基内加入20E引起的Ca2+浓度变化相对较小,因此,20E不是细胞膜上Ca2+通道的有效激发剂。     

家蝇幼虫血细胞的透射电镜观察

[目的]观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞的类型和超微结构。[方法]取孵化后第3天家蝇幼虫血淋巴,采用透射电镜观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞的形态和超微结构。[结果]家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞分为原血胞、浆血胞、珠血胞、粒血胞和类绛血胞5种类型,细胞核均匀透亮,核膜清楚,常染色质多,粒血胞内含吞噬体。[结论]透射电镜观察可将家蝇幼虫血细胞分为5种类型。     

外源激素对体外培养家蚕造血器官造血功能的影响

采用已建立的家蚕(Bombyx mori)造血器官(HPO)体外培养系统,研究了2种蜕皮激素ecdysone和20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)以及保幼激素类似物methoprene对体外培养的家蚕HPO造血功能的调节作用。添加0.005~0.5μg/mL20E可促进5龄第2天幼虫(V-2)HPO的血细胞增殖和释放,但会抑制熟蚕开始时期(W-0)HPO的血细胞增殖和释放;添加低浓度(0.036 5μg/mL)ecdysone可以促进V-2和W-0期HPO的血细胞增殖及释放,高浓度(0.365~3.650μg/mL)ecdysone对血细胞增殖无促进作用,但有促进血细胞释放作用;添加低浓度(2μg/mL)methoprene不会阻止HPO的血细胞增殖,但抑制血细胞的释放,高浓度(20~200μg/mL)methoprene可抑制HPO的血细胞增殖和释放。此外,0.036 5μg/mL ecdysone与2μg/mL methoprene共同处理时,ecdysone可以掩盖methoprene抑制血细胞释放的作用。研究结果表明,ecdysone和20E对家蚕HPO的造血功能起促进作用,而methoprene则起抑制作用,ecdysone可以拮抗methoprene抑制血细胞释放的作用。