滇中冷凉山区不同播期反季花椰菜产量效益分析

为摸索滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期以集成高效栽培技术推广应用,于2017—2018年选择海拔2250 m的云南省峨山县塔甸镇大西村地块进行9个播期的2年随机区组试验。结果表明,花椰菜生育期随播期推迟而延长,而花球采收期除播期7月10日外随播期推迟而逐渐增长;花椰菜株高、外叶数、开展度、球高、球径和单球重等农艺性状有随播期延迟呈现先逐渐减小而后又逐渐增大的趋势;莲座期黑腐病和霜霉病的病情指数随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐升高而后又逐渐下降的趋势;花椰菜小区产量随着播期的延迟呈现先逐渐下降而后又逐渐提高的趋势,播期4月20日和4月30日与其余7个播期产量之间的差异达极显著水平。综合花椰菜在冷凉山区反季节栽培的生产实际和各播期产量产值及商品性表现,推荐滇中高海拔冷凉山区反季节栽培花椰菜的最佳播期为4月20—30日。     

Assessing the utility of topographic variables in predicting structural complexity of tree stands in a reforested urban landscape

The transformation of natural landscapes into impervious built-up surfaces through urbanization is known to significantly interfere with the ecological integrity of urban landscapes and accelerate climate change and associated impacts. Although urban reforestation is widely recognised as an ideal mitigation practice against these impacts, it often has to compete with other lucrative land uses within an urban area. The often limited urban space provided for reforestation therefore necessitates the optimization of the ecological benefits, which demands spatially explicit information. The recent proliferation of tree stands structural complexity (SSC) and topographic data offer great potential for determining the ecological performance of reforested areas across an urban landscape. This study explores the potential of using topographic datasets to predict SSC in a reforested urban landscape and ranks the value of these topographic variables in determining SSC. Tree structural data from a reforested urban area was collected and fed into a tree stand structural complexity index, which was used to indicate ecological performance. Topographic variables (Topographic Wetness Index, slope, Area Solar Radiation and elevation)- were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and used to predict SSC using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression technique. Results show that SSC varied significantly between the topographic variables. Results also show that the topographic variables could be used to reliably predict SSC. As expected, the Topographic Wetness Index and slope were the most important topographic determinants of SSC while elevation was the least valuable. These results provide valuable spatially explicit information about the ecological performance of the reforested areas within an urban landscape. Specifically, the study demonstrates the value of topographic data as aids to urban reforestation planning.     

水肥一体化技术在生姜生产中的应用

为了解决生姜生产中存在的费水、过度施肥、营养失衡、人工投入大、生姜产量低和品质不高的突出问题,本研究把水肥一体化技术和生姜生产实践结合起来,从生姜地块的土壤理化性状检测、设备选择与设计、水源选择、肥料选择以及生姜各生育期的水肥投入方案等方面,阐述了水肥一体化技术在生姜生产中的应用技术要点,形成了具有普遍指导性的水肥一体化技术规范。该技术要点体现了水肥一体化的技术优势,可为各生姜产区的生姜生产、广大农技推广人员农技推广服务和农业领域科研工作者提供技术指导和参考。     

施用氮钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响

为了明确氮、钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响,开展了多年施用不同数量的氮、钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响试验。结果表明,增施钾肥对大葱生长发育有明显的促进作用,并能显著提高产量。白庙和黄岭地区试验在氮肥(纯N)水平为225、300 kg/hm~2时,大葱经济产量分别增加11.9%～16.8%和13.2%～21.1%,平均分别增长13.9%、16.7%,大葱产量均随钾肥施用量的加大而提高。在氮肥低用量条件下,适当增加氮肥施用量,也能有效提高大葱的经济产量,不同钾肥(K2O)用量下施氮肥大葱可增产9.9%～14.8%,平均增产12.5%;其中,白庙地区大葱产值增收26 160～41 900元/hm~2,产投比为20.22～43.21。     

重庆地区玉米黏虫僵虫体内虫生真菌的分离鉴定

玉米黏虫(Mythimna separata)是一种常见的鳞翅目害虫,具有暴发性和迁飞性,对农作物危害严重.虫生真菌是昆虫病原微生物中的最大类群,可以有效地控制自然界中害虫的种群数量.为了防治玉米黏虫和与玉米黏虫相近的草地贪夜蛾,丰富虫生真菌菌种资源,以采自重庆江津高粱地中的玉米黏虫僵虫为实验材料,运用传统培养方法分离鉴定了6株真菌.经过形态学观察和分子生物学鉴定将这6株真菌归类于3个属,分别为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)以及鬼伞属(Coprinellus).虫生真菌能够引发昆虫感染发病,将害虫的种群数量长期控制在较低水平以下,在生物防治方面很有意义.此次分离纯化得到镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和青霉属(Penicillium)的真菌均有潜在的杀虫能力,鬼伞属(Coprinellus)真菌具有防治线虫的潜力,这些真菌对玉米黏虫和草地贪夜蛾的杀虫效果还有待于进一步的实验研究.     

Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) abundance within the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary,Scotland: recent trends and extrapolation to extinction

1. Aerial surveys have detected alarming declines in counts of harbour seals in several regions across Scotland.
2. Demographic data and simple models were used to examine the recent decline in the numbers of harbour seals counted in one population within a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) on the east coast of Scotland. The models suggest that the continuation of current trends would result in the species effectively disappearing from this area within the next 20 years.
3. While the cause of the decline is unknown, it must be reducing adult survival because the high rate of decline cannot be wholly accounted for by changes in other demographic parameters.
4. Recovery of the population to the abundance recorded at the time the SAC was designated (2005) is likely to take at least 40 years, even if the cause of the decline is immediately identified and removed.
5. The models suggest that partial removal of the cause can have only limited benefits to population recovery, and there are unlikely to be any long‐term benefits from introducing or reintroducing additional individuals while the underlying problem persists. Therefore, if the population of harbour seals in this area is to recover it is essential that the sources of the increased mortality are identified and measures are put in place to manage these.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recreational fisheries in Portofino Marine Protected Area,Italy: Some implications for the management

Since the 1970s, recreational fishing has become a mass hobby in Italy, reaching a large number of people, who, using modern equipment, increased their harvesting capacity, provoking serious conflicts with the professional fisheries. Recreational fishing is strictly regulated inside Italian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and is generally allocated to local residents, mainly to reduce the tensions caused by limitations of access to the resources. The aim of this study was to provide an analysis of recreational fishing activities within the Portofino MPA (Mediterranean Sea), to assess the possible impact on the local fish stocks and to plan potential management actions. Furthermore, some serious inconsistencies on the minimum lengths of fish caught as defined by law relative to the minimum size of first reproduction are discussed. Since 2014, all anglers exploiting the Portofino MPA have been obliged to fill out a logbook. The compilation of these was not completely satisfactory, when compared with a group of reliable anglers whose catches were accurately monitored, but allowed for estimated yields of about 24 kg/angler/yr. After 15 years of protection, the fish biomass has increased within the Portofino MPA, generating a positive spillover effect. At the same time, it has attracted many anglers whose gross harvesting was estimated at about 8 t/year, representing about the 8% of the total yield of the local small‐scale fishery.     

中国和东盟经济增长对世界经济的影响分析

指出了随着经济全球化进一步发展和中国-东盟自由贸易区建设的推进，中国经济和东盟经济的快速增长对世界经济产生了重要的影响，运用计量方法定量地分析中国、东盟与世界经济增长之间的关系，发现自2000年以后，中国经济与世界经济的相关性逐年加强，但总体水平仍较弱，而东盟经济与世界经济的相关性则较强。阐述了中国、东盟经济与FDI流入之间的冲击关系。     

Movement and survival of corn rootworm in seed mixtures of SmartStax® insect-protected corn

SmartStax^® insect-protected corn (Zea mays L.) contains genes for six Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins controlling both lepidopteran pests and the corn rootworm complex (Diabrotica spp.). The properties of SmartStax, particularly the multiple effective modes of action (i.e., each Bt protein provides a high level of control of the target pests with a low probability of cross-resistance among the proteins), have provided the opportunity to add to previously approved structured refuge options by combining the non-Bt refuge seed with SmartStax seed in a seed mix. Seed mixes ensure that a refuge is present in every Bt field, remove concerns about grower compliance with refuge requirements, and provide grower convenience. However, seed mixes could increase the likelihood that larval insects move between Bt and non-Bt plants and vice versa. Assessing the insect resistance management (IRM) value of a seed mix refuge requires an assessment of the amount of larval movement, and the consequences of that movement, for the key target pests. The studies here present such data for control of corn rootworm by SmartStax corn, which contains the rootworm-active protein Cry3Bb1 and the binary protein Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1. In a growth chamber experiment, SmartStax was most effective against first instars and significantly effective against second instars, but did not control third instars. In a field study of movement from a heavily infested non-Bt plant onto surrounding plants, a larger percentage of insects successfully dispersed from the infested plant when the surrounding plants were non-Bt plants than when they were SmartStax plants. A paired-plant study showed that few larvae migrated from infested SmartStax plants and survived on nearby non-Bt plants; larvae that migrated from infested non-Bt plants had low survival if the adjacent plants were SmartStax. Replicated field studies of plant-to-plant movement indicated that the non-Bt plants in a 5% or 10% seed mix consistently supported large populations of susceptible insects and represented a productive refuge, whereas the SmartStax plants had few or no survivors. The timing of emergence from seed mix plots containing 5% or 10% non-Bt plants was more similar to that of the non-Bt plots than that of the SmartStax plots. Thus, the available growth chamber and field data indicate that a seed mix of 5% or more will provide an effective refuge for corn rootworm in SmartStax corn.     

南繁区稻瘟病菌遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的AFLP分析

【目的】为了明确南繁区稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)的遗传分化情况,【方法】采用AFLP分子标记技术对南繁核心区(三亚、乐东和保亭)和非核心区(琼中、屯昌和定安)共60个稻瘟病菌菌株的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了比较分析。【结果】聚类分析表明,几乎所有菌株都聚在同一个谱系里,并且该谱系没有明显的亚群;群体遗传结构分析表明,核心区群体的多态性位点百分率、Shannon信息指数和基因流分别为87.89%、0.2738和4.2897,高于非核心区群体的81.37%、0.2703和3.5892;然而,核心区群体的Nei基因多样性指数和基因分化系数分别为0.1657和0.1044,低于非核心区群体的0.1662和0.1223。【结论】这些结果表明核心区和非核心区菌株都存在丰富的遗传多样性,不同群体间均存在较多的基因交流,但遗传变异均主要来自群体内;相比之下,核心区菌株的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度较高。