青岛文昌鱼自然保护区营养盐时空分布特征及富营养化评价

本研究分析了2017年9月(夏季)和11月(秋季)青岛市文昌鱼(Branchidermus fasciatus)水生野生动物市级自然保护区营养盐含量的季节变化和平面分布,并对该海域进行了富营养化评价。研究结果显示,2017年溶解无机氮(DIN)平均含量夏季高于秋季,NO_(2-)N、NH_(4-)N平均含量分别是秋季的1.98倍、1.44倍,而NO_(3-)N和PO_(4-)P平均含量低于秋季,分别是秋季的88.8%和47.6%。夏季DIN总体水平优于海水一类标准值,PO_(4-)P总体水平优于海水一类标准值;秋季DIN总体水平优于海水一类标准值,PO_(4-)P总体水平劣于海水一类标准值。从水平分布来看,夏季海水的DIN浓度分布趋势大致呈核心区实验区缓冲区的趋势;秋季海水的DIN浓度分布呈缓冲区实验区核心区。夏季N/P比值略高于Redfield比值,而秋季N/P比值较低于Redfield比值,DIN相对缺乏。根据潜在性富营养化评价模式,2017年保护区海域夏季和秋季营养水平较低,均属于贫营养水平。     

Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.     

灰色聚类法在胶州湾富营养化评价中的应用

参照国家海水水质标准(GB3097-1997)和海水的富营养化特点,选取活性磷酸盐(PO43--P)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)为评价指标,将富营养化程度分为3个级别,利用灰类白化权函数描述海水富营养化的等级界限,确定各指标在灰类中的聚类权及聚类系数,确定各聚类对象的等级,在此基础上建立海水富营养化综合评价模型。以胶州湾为研究对象,对2009年5月和8月的监测数据进行分析,结果表明,胶州湾东部海域已达到富营养化,西部和北部海域处于中度营养水平,湾中和湾口附近海域处于贫营养水平,这与沿岸河流、工农业废水、生活污水和养殖废水的排放、湾内海水与外海水的交换速率以及水域水深条件密切相关。灰色聚类法评价的胶州湾水域的富营养化状态与真实情况接近,因此,利用灰色聚类法评价海水富营养化是一种快速、简便、客观的方法。     

湖泊底泥氮营养释放特征研究

通过模拟培养，研究了底泥氮营养的释放及上覆水体中氮营养的浓度变化特征。结果表明，在扰动下，底泥向上覆水体明显地释放氮营养，而消亡的水华更可以激发底泥中有机氮的释放，底泥中有机氮的矿化释放与沉积到底泥表层的水华量密切相关。释放进入上覆水体中氮首先以铵氮存在，并快速向亚硝氮转化，此后才向硝氮转化。水中铵氮浓度高，存在时间长，是比较主要的氮形态。     

The relationship between local extinctions of grassland butterflies and increased soil nitrogen levels

In contrast to many other western European countries, the knowledge about trends in the Swedish butterfly fauna is poor. We studied the effects of habitat and species characteristics on species turnover in 13 grassland sites in southern Sweden by comparing species richness and compositions at two separate occasions with an interval of 21 years. The mean number of species per site decreased from 30 to 24, with a large variation between sites. The number of extinctions was highest in sites where the proportion of trees and shrubs had increased most, but there was no detectable effect of area or of the composition of landscapes surrounding the sites. Areas protected as nature reserves had lost as many species as unprotected areas had, indicating both the importance of proper management of nature reserves and that nature reserves alone may not be enough to inhibit regional extinction of butterfly species. Species dependent on nutrient-poor conditions tended to decrease while species dependent on nutrient-rich conditions tended to increase, indicating a negative effect of increased soil nitrogen levels resulting from active fertilizing of pastures and/or atmospheric nitrogen deposition. A regular monitoring program could show whether our results are representative for Sweden or Northern Europe.     

Removal of Vegetative Clippings Reduces Dissolved Phosphorus Loss in Runoff

Rainfall simulation was used to study the vegetative filter strip (VFS) conditions under which losses of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) leaching occur. Boxes containing silt loam soil were planted with ryegrass and cut at two different intervals prior to simulated rainfall 14 days apart. Grass clippings were either removed or retained. During the second simulated rainfall, runoff TDP and DRP were greater for treatments cut the day before irrigation with clippings retained as compared to treatments cut the same day as irrigation with clippings retained. Removing clippings yielded the lowest mean TDP and DRP concentrations. Increasing the senesced vegetative surface area for contact with water, and the amount of time for leaching to occur, resulted in the greatest DRP loss. The VFS management implications should consider clipping removal or no or reduced mowing during the growing season followed by end-of-season removal to reduce DRP leaching losses.     

基于遗传算法湖泊水质富营养化的投影寻踪分析

根据湖泊富营养化特性,选择总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、耗氧量(CODMn)、透明度(SD)、生物量共5个指标作为评价因子,建立湖泊富营养化评价的投影寻踪分析模型,采用遗传算法对评价模型进行优化,并将该模型应用于我国8个湖泊富营养化程度的评价。研究表明,投影寻踪回归分析法,避免了传统评价方法由于主观原因造成的误差,评价结果合理可信,评价方法简单易行,为湖泊水体营养化状态的评价提供了新途径。     

浙江省供水水库的水质评价及富营养化防治对策研究

对浙江省125座水库进行水质监测与富营养化评价,并对15座水库进行趋势分析。结果表明,89.6%的水库符合集中式生活饮用水地表水源地水质的要求,84.9%的水库属贫-中营养类型;15座水库的总磷、总氮上升趋势明显,供水水质呈变差趋势;提出了防治措施。