牡丹江林区红松果林营建技术及效益分析

通过对现有红松果林生长与结实状况的调查,总结了红松果林培育中从栽植、立地选择、配置、管理等技术环节,分析了营建红松果林的经济效益。     

Interactions between soil scarification and Norway spruce seedling types

Interactions between scarification treatments and seedling types of Norway spruce were examined at two different locations in southern Sweden. The scarification treatments were not scarified control, mounding and soil inversion and the seedling types were a 10 week-old containerized seedling (mini seedling), a 2 year-old containerized seedling and a 2 year-old hybrid seedling, grown as a containerized seedling the first year and as a bare-root seedling the second year. Site preparation intensity had a greater effect on the mini seedlings. The results indicated that mini seedlings established faster in the soil inversion treatment compared to the larger seedling types. At the same seedling age, the mini seedlings had faster or similar growth rate as the containerized and the hybrid seedlings regardless of scarification treatment. Although mini seedlings grew as well as or even better than larger seedlings if they were successfully established, they were more sensitive to their planting environment and proper handling was critical. Problems with frost heaving and competing vegetation have to be taken into consideration when choosing site preparation method and seedling type.     

上海海湾近自然林营造与早期管护实践初探

根据海湾特定立地条件,以生态学原理为指导,规划营造海湾森林,应用"适地适树"原则选育树种,创造多样生境,促进生物多样性,借鉴宫胁昭造林法,探索人工营造海湾近自然林的途径,同时对已有森林进行调整、优化,为使人工林向具有地带性森林植被特征演化,开展管护的初步实践探索。     

建立四川生态旅游统计体系研究

本文讨论了建立生态旅游统计体系的必要性;初步建立了生态旅游统计体系;分别就经营状况和开发状况编制了统计报表;提出了建立生态旅游统计体系的具体建议。     

Occurrence of Platyarthrus schoblii (Isopoda, Oniscidea) and its ant hosts in Hungary

The myrmecophilous Platyarthrus schoblii Budde-Lund, 1885 is widely distributed and native in the Mediterranean region. In Hungary it was first found at Budapest, in 2001, in a colony of Lasius neglectus van Loon, Boomsma and Andrásfalvy, 1990 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). This invasive and polygynous ant species is dispersing in an antropochorous way throughout Europe. There are 16 known colonies of L. neglectus in Hungary. Fourteen of them have been surveyed for the isopod, which was detected in eight cases (57%). In addition to L. neglectus, the isopod has been recently found with other native ant species [Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758), Lasius emarginatus (Olivier, 1791) and Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758)] in the country. We have also found the joint occurrence of P. hoffmannseggii Brandt, 1833 and P. schoblii. The co-occurrence and joint expansion of the ranges of L. neglectus and P. schoblii indicates their co-habitation and antropochorous dispersal while the appearance with L. emarginatus, L. niger and T. caespitum supports our hypothesis about possible adoption by different ant species.     

Expectations for population growth at new breeding locations for the vulnerable New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) using a simulation model

Management plans for threatened or recovering large vertebrate species that are increasing in population size and range focus on the establishment of viable populations within set temporal limits. New Zealand (Hookers) sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) were declared a threatened species in 1997, and New Zealand legislation requires that threatened species of marine mammals must be managed to reduce human-induced mortality and achieve a non-threatened status within 20 years. The present breeding distribution of P. hookeri is highly localised, with over 95% of total annual pup production located at Auckland Islands and almost all of the remainder at Campbell Island. Breeding elsewhere has been ephemeral or restricted to <10 adult females. The only recorded sustainable breeding at a new location has been at Otago, South Island, New Zealand. This breeding population consisted of a total of four breeding females in 2002 and is derived from one immigrant female that gave birth to her first pup in the 1993/1994 breeding season. The New Zealand Department of Conservation management plan specifies that to achieve a non-threatened status P. hookeri (1) at Otago must increase in the number of breeding females to ?10, and (2) must establish ?two new breeding locations within the 20-year time frame, each with ?10 breeding females. This study 1) projects the population growth trends at a new location (Otago) to see if it will achieve ?10 breeding females within the legislated time frame, and (2) examines the likelihood that other breeding locations will establish elsewhere given the demographic information available for this species. We present 20 deterministic and three stochastic Leslie matrix model scenarios for female population growth for the initial years following the start of breeding at a new location. Our results indicate that (1) a new breeding population derived from one immigrant female is unlikely to reach 10 breeding females in 20 years; this duration is more likely to be 23-41 years (deterministic models) or 23-26 years (stochastic model), (2) the likelihood of two new sites establishing within 20 years is unquantifiable, but the probability is low, and (3) if the legislated outcome and time limit are not revised in the population management plan, the feasibility and effectiveness of re-locating young females could be investigated.     

Can artificial introductions of diaspore fragments work as a conservation tool for maintaining populations of the rare peatmoss Sphagnum angermanicum?

Species can become regionally rare when limited by the availability of suitable habitats or by limited dispersal ability. We tested if the presence of a rare bryophyte species (Sphagnum angermanicum) was dispersal or habitat limited and at the same time investigated the possibility of establishing new populations of this rare species. Further, we tested how propagule (fragment) size and small scale disturbances affected establishment success. All field experiments were performed by artificially transporting propagules (of various sizes) to new and old sites for the species in Sweden.We show that S. angermanicum is dispersal limited on a regional scale, as no significant differences in establishment success were found between new suitable sites and old occupied sites. The larger the propagule the better was the establishment success; the best establishment success was found when transplanting whole shoots. Disturbances did not increase establishment success, in contrary, when compared to controls success was reduced by the more intensive disturbance treatments. We suggest that disturbance maybe more important for increasing direct dispersal than for making the microhabitat more advantageous for establishment. However, an intermediate disturbance, which slightly reduces the Sphagnum-community length increment, might also be beneficial for the establishment success of S. angermanicum propagules.The reasonably high establishment success of S. angermanicum propagules in new suitable sites suggests that artificial introductions of fragments could be considered as an active management regime for the species if the number of localities continues to decrease.     

Selective control of mite and collembolan pests of pastures and grain crops in Australia

Control of invertebrate pests in broad-acre agriculture largely relies on the application of broad-spectrum pesticides, however resistance problems and environmental concerns are driving a search for alternatives including more selective products. Here we explore the feasibility of using novel chemical groupings in the control of problematic pests that attack germinating pastures and grain crops in Australia. A modified laboratory bioassay is described for testing the response of several invertebrate pests to pesticides that have contact and systemic/translaminar properties. Two contact pesticides (fenitrothion and gamma-cyhalothrin) and three pesticides with strong systemic/translaminar properties (lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin and diafenthiuron) showed promise for control of the collembolan Sminthurus viridis and four mite pests (Halotydeus destructor, Balaustium medicagoense, Penthaleus falcatus and Bryobia sp.). No single pesticide emerged as the most efficacious against all these pests, highlighting the need for correct pest identification before making control recommendations. Incorporating these new chemical options into pest control programs may help to control emerging pests and counter pesticide resistance issues. Selective pesticides in particular are likely to be compatible with integrated control programs that promote the establishment and maintenance of beneficial natural enemies.     

草坪的建植与管理

草坪已成为城市绿化美化的重要组成部分,草坪建植与管理直接影响草坪的质量与效果。草坪建植与管理是通过人工对适合与本地地理气候,土壤条件的牧草品种经过对坪床进行科学的规划、设计、平整等技术处理后,经播种、发芽、生长、喷灌、施肥、修剪、防治病虫等一系列的建植与管理程序,最终达到预期的设计与观赏效果的技术管理养护和操作规程。     

Is colourful self-sustaining forb vegetation mere fantasy?

Biodiversity in urban and suburban environments can be supported through establishment of low maintenance-requiring herbaceous vegetation types. Here, we attempt to provide a perspective on the possibilities and limitations of establishing forb-dominated vegetation to support local biodiversity and contribute to changing public aesthetics concerning green spaces. Plant ecological theories, methods and experiences are the foundation for the design and establishment of such vegetation types. We emphasise the importance of high plant density and recurrent disturbance for the maintenance of forb communities. Well-established ecological theory tells us that totally self-sustaining herbaceous vegetation is not a realistic possibility. Without intervention, herbaceous vegetation will change over time and eventually be colonized by woody species through the process of succession. However, by applying a creative and strategic approach to establishment and subsequent management involving small scale disturbances, rather than solely a uniform maintenance regime, it may be possible to maintain a colourful, aesthetically appealing and species-rich forb dominated community that will support biodiversity and increase public acceptance of alternatives to conventional lawns in urban and suburban environments.