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1.
粉蚧是一类重要的农林害虫,其种类繁多,分布区域范围广,寄主种类多,在农业生产中容易产生识别混淆。2018—2020年笔者在田间调查棕榈植物病虫害时多次发现一种粉蚧对椰子和槟榔为害较严重,经鉴定为柑橘棘粉蚧[Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel)],通过对该粉蚧形态观察,其主要特征为:(1)粉蚧体缘具白色粉状蜡丝17对,前端侧蜡丝短,而后端侧蜡丝长,尾端1对最长,约等体长,在尾部正中尚有1对小细丝,夹在2根长尾丝的中间;(2)雌成虫触角8节,单眼基部边缘无伴孔,刺孔群17对,C1、C4、C7具3根锥刺,C3具3~5根锥刺,多格腺主要分布在虫体腹面3~8腹节上,领状管分大、中、小3类,较大的领状管多数分布在腹部节的边缘,少量分布在胸部和头部边缘,蕈状腺大小2种,较大的蕈状腺数量不多,分布在背面体缘和中部,刺孔群C1后方各有1个,较小的蕈状腺,在头胸部腹面边缘分布较多,2~5个一组常出现在胸节边缘和第1腹节腹面上。本文以图文结合形式详细描述了柑橘棘粉蚧各虫态特征,并编制柑橘棘粉蚧及其种近似种检索表,为其鉴定提供依据。  相似文献   
2.
檀香(Santalum album Linn.)+降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen.)混交林是当前我国南方地区珍贵树种种植的典型模式。为揭示不同抚育措施下其林下植被多样性的变化规律,探索林地环境对这一特殊寄生特性林分的影响。本研究选取8年生檀香+降香黄檀混交林,连续开展了3年铲草(W)、施肥(F)、铲草+施肥(W+F)抚育对其林下植被多样性影响的研究。结果表明,檀香+降香黄檀混交林下出现的植物种类为20科31属32种,其中木本植物6科7属8种,草本植物14科23属24种,抚育管理初期各处理间差异显著(P<0.05),铲草、铲草+施肥处理后相较于对照物种丰富度指数(R)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)显著下降(P<0.05),施肥处理变化较小。连续抚育管理后,R值对照、施肥处理平稳变化,铲草、铲草+施肥处理呈逐年上升趋势,并最终超越对照;D值、H值、Jsw值对照呈逐年降低趋势,施肥处理逐年上升,铲草、铲草+施肥先增加后减小,最终D值、H值、Jsw值均表现为施肥最高,铲草最低。施肥增加了林下物种多样性并表现出对林下物种多样性降低的一种拮抗作用,铲草则加剧了林下物种多样性降低。因此,从长远来看,施肥可增加檀香+降香黄檀混交林林下物种多样性,有利于其生态稳定性的提高。  相似文献   
3.
  1. Intermediate metrics of translocation success are useful for long-lived, slow to mature species where survival and reproduction happen over decades.
  2. With fewer than 150 individuals in the wild, the Critically Endangered Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) is one of the most threatened species on Earth. This study presents the first analysis of diet and body condition of wild Philippine crocodiles and headstarted (i.e. captive-reared) individuals released into the wild over the last decade, and uses these results to show how diet and body condition can be pertinent intermediate metrics of translocation success.
  3. Analyses of stomach contents revealed 17 different aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate prey species. Interestingly, 70% of Philippine crocodiles showed snails to be the predominent prey type, followed by fish (36.7%), birds (33.3%) and reptiles (33.3%). More than 50% of crocodiles consumed the invasive golden apple snail, a leading agricultural pest. Regardless of crocodile history (wild vs. headstarted) or size class (juvenile vs. adult), no evidence was found for dietary differences in percentage occurrence, percentage composition or prey diversity.
  4. Body condition was significantly higher in wild compared with headstarted individuals when analysed together in a pooled group, although neither group differed significantly from the standardized expectation, and headstarted individuals were not significantly different when body condition was derived independently for the two groups.
  5. This study provides a working example of how assessing the convergence of diet and body condition between translocated and wild individuals can provide complementary monitoring parameters to demonstrate post-release establishment of translocated crocodylians. The congruent dietary composition and comparable body condition observed in this study suggest that headstarted crocodiles adapt well following release.
  6. Crocodylus mindorensis survives in an agricultural landscape and is likely to play an ecologically important role by exploiting invasive species, reinforcing the importance of this species to local communities.
  相似文献   
4.
山丹县林业重点工程造林树种优选及提高造林质量措施   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
指出了山丹县林业重点工程造林是当前最重要的生态环境保护策略,能够起到调节水文的作用,必须加大对其的研究重视程度。基于此,分析了山丹县林业重点工程造林树种优选的措施,提出了因地制宜、科学选种,以及符合水土保持的选择原则两点策略。探讨了山丹县林业重点工程提高造林质量的措施,包括:合理排布林业造林布局、完善造林前准备工作、引入抗盐碱造林技术以及调整林业造林防护管理模式,这些措施对提高山丹县林业造林质量具有良好的促进作用。  相似文献   
5.
6.
  1. Mediterranean fin whales aggregating in the Pelagos Sanctuary in summer to feed are exposed to vessel collision risk, particularly from high-speed ferries.
  2. This study developed models to predict summer fin whale distribution using a generalized additive model (GAM) and MaxEnt, with the aim of providing a tool to identify potential high whale–ferry collision risk areas along ferry routes within the Pelagos Sanctuary during summertime.
  3. Models were trained using sightings data collected in the summer months of 2009–2018 on board ferries crossing the central area of the Pelagos Sanctuary. Environmental predictors were bathymetry and mean sea surface chlorophyll concentration of the annual spring bloom period.
  4. The predictive ability of GAM and MaxEnt was assessed using existing knowledge of summer fin whale distribution in the region. GAM (deviance explained = 20.2%) predictions matched documented distributions more closely than that of MaxEnt, with highest predicted fin whale occurrence in deep offshore waters (>2000 m) encompassing the central north-western and western regions, and in the south-eastern region, consistent with known fin whale habitats within the Pelagos Sanctuary. Inter-annual variability was evident, influencing collision risk areas.
  5. Collision risk was estimated as a function of the overlap between the predicted probability of fin whale occurrence and ferry density estimated from Automated Identification System data. Ferry routes that cross the northern and eastern regions of the Pelagos Sanctuary presented relatively higher collision risk.
  6. Areas with changes in risk intensity between the years were temporally and spatially dynamic: some appeared intermittently throughout the study period while others persisted over consecutive years or recurred in different years.
  7. Due to the vastness of the Pelagos Sanctuary, vessel speed reduction maybe a more practical measure to manage collision risk than re-routing shipping lanes. A combination of Seasonal Management Areas and Dynamic Management Areas approaches could be adopted for high-risk areas.
  相似文献   
7.
  • 1. When considering widely distributed marine organisms with low dispersal capabilities, there is often an implication that the distribution of cosmopolitan species is an artefact of taxonomy, constrained by the absence of characters for delimiting either sibling or cryptic species. Few studies have assessed the relationship among populations across the global range of the species' distribution, and the presence of oceanographic barriers that might influence gene flow among populations are underestimated.
  • 2. In this study, evolutionary and ecological drivers of connectivity patterns have been inferred among populations of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus, a common and widespread solitary scleractinian species, whose reproduction strategy and larval dispersal are still poorly unknown.
  • 3. The genetic structure of D. dianthus was explored using 30 microsatellites in 347 specimens from 13 localities distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
  • 4. Results clearly reveal genetically differentiated populations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (FST = 0.16, FSC = 0.01, FCT = 0.15, P-values highly significant), and Chilean and New Zealand populations with independent genetic profiles.
  • 5. Marine connectivity patterns at different spatial scales are discussed to characterize larval dispersal and gene flow through the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
  相似文献   
8.
为探究无人机遥感技术在黄土高原森林资源调查中的适用性,以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域为研究区,以无人机可见光影像为遥感数据源,基于面向对象最邻近分类法,识别并提取研究流域的树种和树冠信息,并与样方调查数据进行对比分析,评估无人机影像提取植被信息的精度及其适用性。结果表明:面向对象最邻近分类法对于郁闭度较低的林分和经济果木林的树种提取效果极好,但复杂植被类型会导致提取精度下降。在农地子流域和人工林子流域上,树种提取的分类混淆矩阵Kappa系数分别为0.898和0.728。面向对象最邻近分类法对人工林和经济果木林的树冠提取精度较高,与实测数据线性回归的决定系数(R2)在0.7以上,但对次生林的树冠提取效果相对较差,R2仅有0.422 3。将该方法拓展应用至流域尺度,识别结果显示,蔡家川流域内人工林子流域主要为刺槐、油松和侧柏混交林,经济作物主要为苹果,油松的林分密度为1 744株·hm-2,平均冠幅为2.24 m,苹果的林分密度为382株·hm-2,平均冠幅为4.26 m;农地子流域有苹果树912株,林分密度为439株·hm-2,平均冠幅为3.84 m。结果表明,基于无人机遥感影像,利用面向对象最邻近分类法可以高效、准确地提取林木株数、郁闭度和平均冠幅,从而有效提高黄土区植被调查的效率。  相似文献   
9.
为探明东北地区常见野生葱属植物耐旱能力,筛选野生葱属植物耐旱种质资源,本研究以野韭(Allium ramosum L.)、山韭(Allium senescens L.)和蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum Regel)3种葱属植物为材料,采用不同浓度的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,分析其种子萌发期渗透调节物质及酶活性的影响,并结合主成分分析和隶属函数分析比较抗旱性。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,3种葱属植物种子萌发期相对电导率显著升高(P<0.05),丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。3种植物相比,山韭相对电导率最低,渗透调节物质积累量最高,酶活性变化明显。主成分分析表明,4种酶活性之间显示出强相关性。隶属函数分析得出3种植物种子的抗旱性由高到低依次为:山韭 > 野韭 > 蒙古韭。  相似文献   
10.
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