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1.
van Zyl, J.G., Sieverding, E.G., Viljoen, D.J., Fourie, P.H., 2014. Evaluation of two organosilicone adjuvants at reduced foliar spray volumes in South African citrus orchards of different canopy densities Crop Protection 00:0000–0000.Citrus producers in South Africa generally use high spray volumes (6000 to 16,000 l ha−1) to control pests and diseases adequately for the fresh fruit market. In order to study the benefit of organosilicone adjuvants at reduced spray volumes, trials were conducted with two organo tri-siloxane adjuvants. Two separate spray trials were conducted in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa in uniform navel orange orchards. Break-Thru S240 (super-spreader) and Break-Thru Union (spreader-sticker), at recommended dosages per hectare (300 ml ha−1, respectively), were sprayed separately in combination with a yellow fluorescent pigment (1 ml l−1) at a high (20 l tree−1 ≈ 9600 to 12,100 l ha−1, depending on tree and inter-row spacing), medium (14 l tree−1 ≈ 6500 to 8500 l ha−1) and low (8 l tree−1 ≈ 3700 to 4800 l ha−1) spray application volumes. Sprays consisting of the fluorescent pigment in water alone were used as control treatments. Trees were sprayed from both sides with a commercial multi-fan tower sprayer (BSF-Multiwing) at a constant tractor speed (2.4 km h−1) and spray pressure (1500 kPa). The different spray volumes were achieved by using different spray nozzles (TeeJet Disc-Core type; full and hollow cone nozzles D3-DC56/46, D4-DC56/46, D5-DC56/46). Leaves were sampled from six canopy positions (inner and outer canopy position at bottom, middle and top of the tree). Deposition quantity and quality of fluorescent pigment were determined on upper and lower leaf surfaces using fluorometry, digital photomacrography and image analyses. Spray uniformity and efficiency were also compared among treatments. Deposition quantity generally increased with increasing spray volume, but normalised values showed better spray efficiency at lower volumes. In pruned and less dense canopies, a beneficial effect of adjuvants was observed in terms of deposition quantity, efficiency and uniformity, especially at reduced volume applications (14 l tree1) on the inside and outside of the canopy. Little improvement in deposition quality was generally observed with the use of adjuvants. These benefits were not as evident in very dense canopies, illustrating the importance of canopy management when spraying at reduced volumes. Data obtained from the study is valuable for future improvement in spray application methodology in South Africa and other developing countries.  相似文献   
2.
超级稻摘穗收获机沉降箱性能分析与运行参数优化   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为使4ZTL-2000型摘穗收获机收获超级稻时具有最佳清选性能,以谷物清洁率和沉降箱能耗为指标,沉降箱入口气流速度、谷物喂入量及其初速度为影响因素,采用二次正交旋转组合设计试验,利用Design-Expert 6.0.10进行数据处理,得出回归数学模型,通过响应曲面方法分析指标与因素间的相互作用,并对回归数学模型进行多目标优化。结果表明:沉降箱入口气流速度对沉降箱指标影响最大,谷物初速度相对小,谷物喂入量的影响最小。为使沉降箱处理超级稻(目前谷物喂入量最大为3.78 kg/s)时具有最佳性能,通过优化获得运行参数的最佳组合为:沉降箱入口气流速度为13.93 m/s,谷物初速度为18.84 m/s。通过试验验证谷物清洁率达到了90.1%,沉降箱能耗为348.3 Pa,籽粒沉降效率为100%。  相似文献   
3.
通过对长江镇扬河段世业洲汊道固定断面连续3 a的水下地形测量,综合固定断面面积、0 m等深线、最大深度、平均深度和分流数据分析得出:世业洲右汊道仍处于主导地位,汊道上游各指标数据变化不明显,汊道下游则有变宽加深趋势,并略有淤积;世业洲左汊道仍处于次航道地位,各项指标表明左汊道宽度基本稳定,但汊道水深有加深趋势,尤其是汊道下游变化较为明显。  相似文献   
4.
李广超  王林果 《畜禽业》2012,(12):20-21
试验旨在研究两种天然色素在肉鸡脚胫沉积规律,同时比较不同色素添加量对鸡着色程度的影响,以确定最佳色素添加量并试讨论色素沉积影响因素。选用1日龄408只鸡苗随机分成4组,其中1、2、3组饲喂A公司小鸡饲料,4组饲喂B公司童鸡饲料,分别在7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21日龄用罗氏比色扇测试每组12只鸡脚胫着色程度(RYCF值),记录数据求平均值。结果表明色素沉积呈现一定的规律性,添加叶黄素42g/t及角黄素33.6g/t能减少成本并得到较好的沉积效果。  相似文献   
5.
凌爽  于成广  卢思乔 《安徽农业科学》2013,(26):10764-10765,10792
[目的]探讨大气干湿沉降向城市系统输入重金属元素通量特征.[方法]根据沈阳市不同行政区采样点重金属元素沉降通量,分析沈阳市不同行政区重金属大气干湿沉降污染的空间分布特征.[结果]在不同的采样点,大气干湿沉降中元素的年沉降通量差异较大,但其在沈阳市不同行政区分布规律大致相同.Cd、Pb、Hg的年沉降通量在各地区的分布分别表现为:铁西区>皇姑区>沈河区>和平区>大东区>东陵(浑南)区>于洪区,铁西区>沈河区>皇姑区>和平区>东陵区>于洪区>大东区>浑南区,铁西区>沈河区>皇姑区>和平区>大东(东陵)区>于洪(浑南)区.大气降尘污染的空间分布与污染源地域分布具有一致性,即工业区>商业区或交通区>文化区>居民区>郊区.[结论]该研究为大气干湿沉降污染的控制与治理提供了理论参考.  相似文献   
6.
Adequate spray deposition on susceptible grapevine tissue is an essential requirement for effective chemical control of economically important diseases, such as grey mould, powdery mildew and downy mildew. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of some agricultural adjuvants to improve foliar spray deposition. Deposition quantity and quality was assessed by means of a spray assessment protocol using fluorometry, photomicrography and digital image analyses. The visual droplet rating technique developed by G Furness, Australia, was also included in initial assessments. Both assessment protocols showed that spray deposition quantity increased with increasing spray volume applications of 27 l ha−1 to 581 l ha−1 with a motorised backpack mistblower, but decreased at 698 l ha−1, possibly due to run-off. Addition of selected spray adjuvants at 526 l ha−1 volume demonstrated improved deposition quantity and quality. Agral 90 (ethoxylated alkylphenol), BB5 (acidifier), Nu-film-P (terpene oil), and Solitaire (silicone/plant oil) significantly improved deposition on upper and lower leaf surfaces compared with the fenhexamid-only and water sprayed control. Break-thru S240 (organosilicone) and Villa 51 (alkylpolyethylene glycol ether) did not improve deposition quantity, although remarkably better deposition quality was obtained. An adjuvant concentration effect (within the registered concentration range) was evident at spray volumes of 502 l ha−1, especially those retained on the upper leaf surfaces. Agral 90 and Nu-film-P effected significant improvement of spray deposition at the higher concentrations (18 ml and 50 ml hl−1, respectively), but not at the lower concentrations (6 ml and 20 ml hl−1, respectively). Solitaire improved deposition at the lower concentration tested (50 ml hl−1), whereas reduced deposition at the higher concentration (100 ml per hl−1) was attributed to excessive spray run-off. No significant improvement of spray deposition was observed for both concentrations tested with Villa 51 (50 and 100 ml hl−1). Spray mixtures with adjuvants Agral 90 and Solitaire yielded similar deposition values at 500 l ha−1 compared with the fenhexamid-only control at 720 l ha−1, but reduced deposition at the higher spray volume, possibly due to spray run-off. This study clearly demonstrated the potential of adjuvants to improve deposition quantity and quality, but highlights the necessity to match adjuvant concentrations and application volumes on the spray target to achieve maximum spray deposition.  相似文献   
7.
Carbon distribution and losses: erosion and deposition effects   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
Because of concerns about the eventual impact of atmospheric CO2 accumulations, there is growing interest in reducing net CO2 emissions from soil and increasing C storage in soil. This review presents a framework to assess soil erosion and deposition processes on the distribution and loss of C in soils. The physical processes of erosion and deposition affect soil C distribution in two main ways and should be considered when evaluating the impact of agriculture on C storage. First, these processes redistribute considerable amounts of soil C, within a toposequence or a field, or to a distant site. Accurate estimates of soil redistribution in the landscape or field are needed to quantify the relative magnitude of soil lost by erosion and accumulated by deposition. Secondly, erosion and deposition drastically alter the biological process of C mineralization in soil landscapes. Whereas erosion and deposition only redistribute soil and organic C, mineralization results in a net loss of C from the soil system to the atmosphere. Little is known about the magnitude of organic C losses by mineralization and those due to erosion, but the limited data available suggest that mineralization predominates in the first years after the initial cultivation of the soil, and that erosion becomes a major factor in later years. Soils in depositional sites usually contain a larger proportion of the total organic C in labile fractions of soil C because this material can be easily transported. If the accumulation of soil in depositional areas is extensive, the net result of the burial (and subsequent reduction in decomposition) of this active soil organic matter would be increased C storage. Soil erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation. At regional or global levels its greatest impact on C storage may be in affecting soil productivity. Erosion usually results in decreased primary productivity, which in turn adversely affects C storage in soil because of the reduced quantity of organic C returned to the soil as plant residues. Thus the use of management practices that prevent or reduce soil erosion may be the best strategy to maintain, or possibly increase, the worlds soil C storage.  相似文献   
8.
主要营养素——蛋白质和脂肪在动物体内的分配沉积方式与动物的生长和生产性能密切相关。充分认识主要营养素在动物体内的分配沉积调控机理,将为通过营养调控、基因工程等技术实现定向调控蛋白质和脂肪在动物体内的分配沉积提供重要的理论依据。综述了蛋白质和脂肪在动物体内分配沉积调控机制的研究进展,以便为通过定向调控营养素在动物体内的分配沉积,从而提高动物的生长和生产性能提供参考。  相似文献   
9.
对推车式离心雾化喷雾机进行性能试验研究,研究旋转式离心雾化特征、雾滴直径、雾滴沉降分布规律、雾滴沉积密度均匀性、风送低量喷雾效果等,掌握各参数相互匹配关系与工作机理,为进一步优化改进、产业化设计、关键部件精确工艺研究等提供技术支撑。  相似文献   
10.
Atmospheric lead and cadmium deposition in bulk precipitation and throughfall was investigated at four forests in the Kanto district, Japan, to assess the impact of human activities on the environmental health of forests. Annual lead and cadmium depositions in bulk precipitation ranged from 8.9 to 25.7 g ha−1 year−1 and from 0.77 to 1.30 g ha−1 year−1, respectively. Lead and cadmium deposition increased in the summer at every forest due to large amounts of rainfall. At one of the forests, the depositions were also high in the winter due to heavy snowfall. These depositions were similar to recent depositions observed at other rural and urban sites in Japan and several forests in Europe and North America after 1990. These results indicate that although anthropogenic lead and cadmium are deposited at these rates over wide areas, depositions are still higher than in remote areas.  相似文献   
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