铜绿微囊藻混养生长能力及其对细胞增殖的影响研究

以葡萄糖为外加碳源,对不同氮磷营养水平下低光照条件中铜绿微囊藻的混养生长能力及其对细胞增殖的影响进行了系统研究,同时讨论了不同营养水平下葡萄糖对微囊藻生长的贡献差异。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻在低光照（[500±50）lx]下可吸收利用外界葡萄糖维持自身生长;外界适当浓度葡萄糖会促进微囊藻增殖,但过高则会抑制其生长,且微囊藻对葡萄糖的耐受性与氮磷营养环境存在着交互关系;混养生长组中的细胞叶绿素a含量均低于光照自养组。研究还发现,相同浓度的葡萄糖在氮磷营养较低的环境中对微囊藻增殖的贡献程度远远大于氮磷含量较高的环境。本文从氮磷营养水平的角度考察铜绿微囊藻的混养生长能力,并揭示混养生长在不同营养水平下对细胞增殖的贡献,可为解释低氮磷水体中暴发水华的原因提供科学依据。     

Characteristics of the marine environment and algal blooms in Gamak Bay

This study was conducted to gain insight into the characteristics of algal blooms in relation to the marine environment of Gamak Bay. From the first known occurrence of algal blooms in 1984 until 2006, 23 causal species have been identified, the most common ones being Prorocentrum sp., Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, and Heterosigma akashiwo. A principal component analysis indicated that blooms of these species develop under different conditions in terms of water temperature, salinity, precipitation, and insolation. Field data showed Cochlodinium polykrikoides to be favored by high temperatures and to be euryhaline, whereas Skeletonema costatum appeared to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. appeared to be stenothermal and stenohaline. Finally, Heterosigma akashiwo appeared at the lowest temperature and highest salinity of the five species and was classified here as stenothermal and stenohaline.     

油酸酰胺去除蓝藻水华的野外围隔原位试验

利用油酸酰胺进行野外围隔原位除藻试验。结果表明,在整个试验周期内(31 d),投放油酸酰胺后水体叶绿素a含量均低于对照,而水体透明度均高于对照;投放油酸酰胺后的第1~10 d,水体氨氮含量较对照有所降低,但是在第10 d以后与对照相比无明显差异;投放油酸酰胺后,水体总磷含量在第3~17 d低于对照,到第31 d时却高于对照。水体微囊藻毒素检测结果显示,投放油酸酰胺对水体微囊藻毒素含量没有明显影响。这说明油酸酰胺能有效解除蓝藻水华危机,是一种具有除藻应用潜力的杀藻物质。     

Characterization of intracellular and extracellular saxitoxin levels in both field and cultured Alexandrium spp. samples from Sequim Bay, Washington

Traditionally, harmful algal bloom studies have primarily focused on quantifying toxin levels contained within the phytoplankton cells of interest. In the case of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs), intracellular toxin levels and the effects of dietary consumption of toxic cells by planktivores have been well documented. However, little information is available regarding the levels of extracellular PSTs that may leak or be released into seawater from toxic cells during blooms. In order to fully evaluate the risks of harmful algal bloom toxins in the marine food web, it is necessary to understand all potential routes of exposure. In the present study, extracellular and intracellular PST levels were measured in field seawater samples (collected weekly from June to October 2004–2007) and in Alexandrium spp. culture samples isolated from Sequim Bay, Washington. Measurable levels of intra- and extra-cellular toxins were detected in both field and culture samples via receptor binding assay (RBA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Characterization of the PST toxin profile in the Sequim Bay isolates by pre-column oxidation and HPLC-fluorescence detection revealed that gonyautoxin 1 and 4 made up 65 ± 9.7 % of the total PSTs present. Collectively, these data confirm that extracellular PSTs are present during blooms of Alexandrium spp. in the Sequim Bay region.     

高效溶藻菌对富营养化水体的治理效果

为研究自然条件下溶藻菌RZ14菌株治理水华的效果,在调查泉城公园景观水体富营养化状况的基础上,选取水华较严重的映日湖作为该溶藻菌剂原位生物控制的测试水域,对该湖区叶绿素a、有机质、氨氮及总磷变化进行跟踪测定。结果表明,映日湖水华现象严重,未达到一般景观用水V类标准,属重度营养化。经该溶藻菌剂生物治理后,水华消除,叶绿素a含量低于0.05 mg/L,CODCr清除率50.01%,BOD5清除率73.38%,氨氮清除率70.51%,总磷清除能力88.59%。通过原位试验,表明RZ14抑藻剂能快速消除水华现象,对富营养化水体治理效果显著,可开发为溶藻菌剂应用于蓝藻水华的治理。     

洋河水库富营养化发展趋势及其关键影响因素

洋河水库作为秦皇岛和北戴河暑期办公的重要水源地,近年来富营养化逐年加重,水质恶化.通过收集历史资料和现场连续监测,综合分析了洋河水库富营养化发展趋势及其关键影响因素,结果表明1990-2011年期间,总氮、总磷常年超过国际公认的发生富营养化的浓度水平,每年8月是水华集中暴发期.以8月为例,自1990年以来,水体总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度逐年上升,透明度则呈明显下降趋势,富营养化状态从1990年的中营养状态变成2011年的超富营养状态.对2011年5-10月监测数据进行相关关系分析发现水温、透明度、溶解氧、pH值、总磷、正磷酸盐、高锰酸盐指数和总有机碳都与叶绿素a浓度明显相关,其中透明度、溶解氧、pH值是水华暴发的结果而非原因,表明透明度、溶解氧和pH值是水华暴发影响水质的主要表现因素;既然洋河水库地处北温带,四季分明,冬季存在2-3个月的冰封期,因此水温是水库水华暴发的驱动因子之一.2011年7月中旬至8月底洋河水库暴发了全库水域的蓝藻水华,优势种为铜绿微囊藻(Microystis aeruginosa)和鱼害微囊藻(M.ichthyoblabe),密度分别达到3.5×106和1.4×106个/mL.     

Climate Variability and Oceanographic Settings Associated with Interannual Variability in the Initiation of Dinophysis acuminata Blooms

In 2012, there were exceptional blooms of D. acuminata in early spring in what appeared to be a mesoscale event affecting Western Iberia and the Bay of Biscay. The objective of this work was to identify common climatic patterns to explain the observed anomalies in two important aquaculture sites, the Galician Rías Baixas (NW Spain) and Arcachon Bay (SW France). Here, we examine climate variability through physical-biological couplings, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies and time of initiation of the upwelling season and its intensity over several decades. In 2012, the mesoscale features common to the two sites were positive anomalies in SST and unusual wind patterns. These led to an atypical predominance of upwelling in winter in the Galician Rías, and increased haline stratification associated with a southward advection of the Gironde plume in Arcachon Bay. Both scenarios promoted an early phytoplankton growth season and increased stability that enhanced D. acuminata growth. Therefore, a common climate anomaly caused exceptional blooms of D. acuminata in two distant regions through different triggering mechanisms. These results increase our capability to predict intense diarrhetic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in the early spring from observations in the preceding winter.     

Impact and effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins derived from harmful algal blooms to marine fish

Fish are frequently exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) derived from harmful algal blooms (HAB). PSTs are potent neurotoxins with strong effects on fish at multiple trophic levels. Here, we examine the historical and contemporary mass mortality events combining with the available data on response of fish to PSTs' exposure. The data show that fish are negatively affected by these natural toxins on a recurring basis. Transient effects of PSTs have also been observed in fish and although difficult to quantify, these sublethal effects can affect foraging and predation avoidance. Additionally, the spatiotemporal overlapping of fish spawning and HAB can also be critical for fish survival and fisheries recruitment. Exposure of fish in their early life stages to dissolved toxins in the water column has also been identified as a risk factor for fish survival. In the context of global climate change, where PSTs are likely to become increasingly important, new insights and a synthesis of up‐to‐date information on fish response to PSTs and the risk associated with toxic dinoflagellate blooms are presented.     

Short-Term Dinoflagellate Bloom in a Shrimp Pond in Bahía de La Paz,Gulf of California

From mid-August to mid-September 1998, a dinoflagellate bloom in a shrimp pond near La Paz, Baja California Sur, was studied. Daily samples were taken of phytoplankton, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, photosynthetic pigments and proteins. The bloom occurred at temperatures of 29.7 to 33.2?°C. High densities of a Scrippsiella-like dinoflagellate (15.9?×?10⁶ cells/L) occurred on the first day of sampling, reaching a peak of 249?×?10⁶ cells/L on Day 13, and declining to 4 to 7?×?10⁶ cells/L by Day 26. Chlorophyll a varied from 8.63 mg/m³ on Day 4 to 141.38 mg/m³ on Day 13. Total nitrogen varied widely (0.2–11.50 μM) while phosphates peaked only once on Day 13 (4.14 μM). Proteins ranged from 523 to 6387 μg/L; the latter value occurred two days after the maximal peak of nitrates and coinciding with the highest level of phosphates. Fertilizers added to the ponds increased nutrient concentration and stimulated phytoplankton growth. In turn, the food supply to cultured shrimp noticeably increased throughout the bloom.