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1.
Canopy‐forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life‐history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta‐analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal‐associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life‐history stage. Major overlap (40%–43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal‐associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal‐associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal‐associated fish and fisheries.  相似文献   
2.
Overfishing may seriously impact fish populations and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, yet the fisheries benefits remain debateable. Many MPAs include a fully protected area (FPA), restricting all activities, within a partially protected area (PPA) where potentially sustainable activities are permitted. An effective tool for biodiversity conservation, FPAs, can sustain local fisheries via spillover, that is the outward export of individuals from FPAs. Spillover refers to both: “ecological spillover”: outward net emigration of juveniles, subadults and/or adults from the FPA; and “fishery spillover”: the fraction of ecological spillover that directly benefits fishery yields and revenues through fishable biomass. Yet, how common is spillover remains controversial. We present a meta‐analysis of a unique global database covering 23 FPAs worldwide, using published literature and purposely collected field data, to assess the capacity of FPAs to export biomass and whether this response was mediated by specific FPA features (e.g. size, age) or species characteristics (e.g. mobility, economic value). Results show fish biomass and abundance outside FPAs was higher: (a) in locations close to FPA borders (<200 m) than further away (>200 m); (b) for species with a high commercial value; and (c) in the presence of PPA surrounding the FPA. Spillover was slightly higher in FPAs that were larger and older and for more mobile species. Based on the broadest data set compiled to date on marine species ecological spillover beyond FPAs' borders, our work highlights elements that could guide strategies to enhance local fishery management using MPAs.  相似文献   
3.
Identifying spawning sites for broadcast spawning fish species is a key element of delineating critical habitat for managing and regulating marine fisheries. Genetic barcoding has enabled accurate taxonomic identification of individual fish eggs, overcoming limitations of morphological classification techniques. In this study, planktonic fish eggs were collected at 23 stations along the northwestern coast of Cuba and across the Florida Straits to United States waters. A total of 564 fish eggs were successfully identified to 89 taxa within 30 families, with the majority of taxa resolved to species. We provide new spawning information for Luvarus imperialis (Louvar), Bothus lunatus (Plate Fish), Eumegistus illustris (Brilliant Pomfret), and many economically important species. Data from most sites supported previously established patterns of eggs from neritic fish species being found on continental shelves and oceanic species spawning over deeper waters. However, some sites deviated from this pattern, with eggs from reef‐associated fish species detected in the deep waters of the Florida Straits and pelagic species detected in the shallow, continental shelf waters off the coast of northwestern Cuba. Further investigation using satellite imagery revealed the presence of a mesoscale cyclonic eddy that likely entrained neritic fish eggs and transported them into the Florida Straits. The technique of combining DNA‐based fish egg identification with remotely‐sensed hydrodynamics provides an important new tool for assessing the interplay of regional oceanography with fish spawning strategies.  相似文献   
4.
研究人工鱼礁在波流作用下的水动力特性,对于人工鱼礁的设计具有重要的意义。基于有限体积法,采用边界造波,利用自由表面捕捉法(VOF)捕捉自由水面,建立了可以分别模拟纯波、均匀流以及波流共同作用下人工鱼礁水动力特性的多功能三维数值波流水槽。基于该数值模型对不同波流工况作用下圆柱型镂空人工鱼礁水动力特性进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果显示,人工鱼礁数值模拟受力与模型试验结果吻合良好,人工鱼礁所受的波流力最大值随着波高、周期和水流流速的增大而增大;人工鱼礁处于波流场波峰正下方时,背涡流的面积随着水流流速的增大而增大,随着波高、周期增大而减小。对单独均匀流作用、单独波浪作用和波流联合作用下人工鱼礁的水动力特性对比研究表明,人工鱼礁所受的最大波流力比最大波浪力、水流力都大,波流联合作用下的流场效应最显著,在礁体的后部形成了较大规模的漩涡结构。  相似文献   
5.
  1. Many branching corals are fragmented by storms, which can serve as a mechanism of asexual reproduction for species that are able to reattach themselves to the substratum and form new colonies. Fragments can also be manually reattached as a means of reef restoration.
  2. The growth and survival of 832 fragments of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, that were transplanted for a restoration project in the British Virgin Islands was modelled.
  3. Mortality was higher in the first year after transplanting than in subsequent years, perhaps reflecting stress from handling or failure of the attachment method.
  4. Survival also varied with the year of transplantation (from 2005–2011), and was lowest in years with major storms (2007 and 2010).
  5. Fragment survival increased with increasing initial size, with the largest fragments (surface area roughly 1000 cm2) faring substantially better than the smallest (roughly 10 cm2) and average sized fragments (roughly 100 cm2).
  6. Colony size (surface area of live tissue) tended to decrease slightly in the first 3 months after being reattached, presumably due to stress from transplanting. Subsequently, the surface area of surviving colonies tended to progressively increase over time, with fragments typically reaching 3000 cm2 after 7 years. Colony growth was, however, extremely variable and largely independent of initial colony size.
  7. Despite initial reductions in growth and survival due to transplanting, long‐term survival of transplanted fragments was roughly comparable with that of natural colonies. Transplanting fragments is thus a promising tool for grass‐roots restoration projects.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
6.
  1. Large declines in reef fish populations in Hawai ‘ i have raised concerns about the sustainability of these resources, and the ecosystem as a whole. To help elucidate the reasons behind these declines, a comprehensive examination of reef fish assemblages was conducted across the entire 2500 km Hawaiian Archipelago.
  2. Twenty‐five datasets were compiled, representing >25 000 individual surveys conducted throughout Hawai ‘ i since 2000. To account for overall differences in survey methods, conversion factors were created to standardize among methods.
  3. Comparisons of major targeted resource species (N = 35) between the densely populated main (MHI) and remote north‐western Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) revealed that 40% of these species had biomass in the MHI below 25% of NWHI levels. In total, 54% of the species examined had biomass <50% of NWHI biomass.
  4. The moku or district was a basic unit of resource management in pre‐contact Hawai ‘ i and was used as a unit of spatial stratification for comparisons within the MHI. Biomass of resource species was negatively correlated with human population density within moku boundaries, with extremely low biomass in areas with highest human population densities. No such relationship was found for species not targeted by fishing.
  5. A number of remote areas with small human populations in the MHI still support high standing stock of fished species, and these areas are likely important refugia for maintaining fisheries production and biodiversity functioning.
  6. These results highlight the large gradient of human impacts on fish assemblages across the Hawaiian Archipelago and the potential in using landscape and seascape units, such as those that are watershed and bio‐physically‐based, when managing in part based on a framework of traditional ecological knowledge.
  相似文献   
7.
采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,研究了不同布设间距下,多孔方型人工鱼礁周围水流运动的规律,旨在为深入研究人工鱼礁的集鱼原理和海洋牧场建设中人工鱼礁的投放和布设提供更多参考。本研究采用了4种布设间距,分别为0.5、1、1.5和2倍鱼礁高度,基于计算机数值模拟技术,模拟了速度为0.8m/s的水流流经2个礁体的过程,分别观察鱼礁周围水流运动情况。结果显示,多孔方型人工鱼礁内部和周围存在缓流区、背涡流区、上升流区、死水区等有显著特征的区域;多孔方型人工鱼礁上升流的最大速度与来流速度的比值约为0.95倍;多孔方型人工鱼礁周围上升流最大抬升高度与鱼礁高度之比约为2.1;多孔方型人工鱼礁的结构在一定程度上为鱼礁周围的流态多样性提供了较有利的作用;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距对2个鱼礁单体间的旋涡数量和旋涡方向有较大影响,也对涡量大小和涡量分布范围产生影响。研究表明,在一定范围内,布设间距越大,涡量越大,分布范围越广,但超过一定范围后,涡量不再增大,分布范围也不再扩大;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距越大,背涡流在X方向和Y方向的影响面积越大。研究结果清晰地展现了不同布设间距下的人工鱼礁的流场效应,对在特定条件下进行人工鱼礁投放和布设具有重要意义。  相似文献   
8.
为了解牡蛎在潮间带的生态特性及资源分布情况,调查了浙江三门健跳港上游湾区牡蛎潮间带分带格局,并检验附苗器类型和地点对牡蛎资源补充的影响。结果显示:潮间带定量调查共记录到3种牡蛎,即熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)、近江牡蛎(C.ariakensis)和香港牡蛎(C.hongkongensis),首次在浙江海域记录到香港牡蛎的自然分布。熊本牡蛎在调查的5个潮区(1.4 m、2.2 m、3.0 m、3.8m、4.6 m)均有分布,其平均密度沿增加的高程梯度呈现上升趋势,其中4.6 m潮区熊本牡蛎密度显著高于1.4 m和2.2 m潮区(P<0.05)。近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎仅分布于最底层的1.4 m和2.2 m潮区。牡蛎资源补充实验结果表明,该湾区具有很高的熊本牡蛎资源补充量,采苗地点(P<0.05)和附苗器类型(P<0.05)均显著影响牡蛎苗的密度和壳高,总体上水泥片的附苗效果要好于塑胶轮胎,上游S1点附苗效果优于下游S2点,推荐上游S1点作为熊本牡蛎附苗场。  相似文献   
9.
  1. The relative availability of alternative organic matter sources directly influences trophic interactions within ecological communities. As differences in trophic ecology can alter the productivity of communities, understanding spatial variability in trophic structure, and the drivers of variability, is vital for implementing effective ecosystem‐based management.
  2. Bulk stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) and mass balance calculations were used to examine patterns in the contribution of organic matter derived from macroalgae to food webs supporting temperate reef fish communities in two contrasting coastal waterways on the South Island of New Zealand: Fiordland and the Marlborough Sounds. Ten fish species common to both regions were compared, with up to 40% less organic matter from macroalgae supporting omnivorous species in the Marlborough Sounds. The largest differences in trophic position were found in those species exploited by fisheries.
  3. Furthermore, stratified surveys of abundance and species biomass combined with trophic position data were used to calculate regional differences in the contribution of macroalgae to whole fish communities in terms of density of biomass. In Fiordland, over 77% of the biomass of exploited reef fishes was supported by macroalgae, compared with 31% in the Marlborough Sounds.
  4. Surveys of macroalgal density and species composition in the two regions indicated that regional differences in trophodynamics may be explained by a lack of macroalgal inputs to the food web in the Marlborough Sounds.
  5. The findings demonstrate large regional differences in the incorporation of benthic and pelagic sources of organic matter to food webs supporting reef fish communities, highlighting the need for ecosystem‐based approaches to management to recognize spatial variability in primary production supporting coastal food webs.
  相似文献   
10.
  1. Humphead, or Napoleon, wrasse, (Cheilinus undulatus), is a large reef fish naturally vulnerable to over‐exploitation and highly prized as luxury seafood. It is predominantly consumed in Hong Kong and mainland China. Hong Kong is the global trade hub for this species. In 2004 (effective 2005), the humphead wrasse was listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II that substantially improved understanding and management of the species although illegal, unregulated and/or undocumented trade (IUU) continues.
  2. To understand patterns of trade in humphead wrasse, evaluate implementation of the CITES listing and identify ways to tackle IUU, especially in Hong Kong, data from multiple sources, including government databases between 1999 and 2017 and independent retail surveys between 2014 and 2017, were compiled.
  3. IUU trade into and through Hong Kong was detected, but declined following increased government enforcement in 2016. Nonetheless, fish numbers on sale continue to exceed imports with CITES permits and mainland China only sparsely reports imports of the species. Approximately 0.5–1.5 metric tonnes were traded internationally annually.
  4. Several legislative loopholes undermine enforcement into and within Hong Kong, including poor oversight of live fish carrier vessels and air imports, excessively long validity period for Licences to Possess in the city, non‐compliant traders, and legislative exemptions or omissions. The introduction of a ranched fish category in 2018 by Indonesia created additional challenges. More intelligence and risk analyses could help enforcers target their work.
  5. A major enforcement challenge is the inability to distinguish legally from illegally imported fish within Hong Kong. To improve fish tracking, identifying individuals using their complex facial patterns as fingerprints was explored; proof‐of‐concept was demonstrated using a mobile phone application: Saving Face. Facial marks were determined to be long‐lasting and different enough to distinguish among multiple individuals.
  相似文献   
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