近江牡蛎和长牡蛎的配子兼容性及合子育性

为了评估长牡蛎(GG)和近江牡蛎(AA)的配子兼容性和合子育性，本实验探究了盐度(16、20、24、28和32)、温度(18、21、24、27和30 ℃)和精子浓度(10⁰、10¹、10²、10³和10⁴个/μL)对受精率、胚胎畸形率和孵化率的影响。结果显示，随盐度的增加，GG组的受精率和孵化率逐渐上升，而AA组和AG组的受精率和孵化率先上升后下降；GA组和AG组分别在盐度28和24时具有较优的配子兼容性和合子育性，受精率、畸形率、孵化率分别为7.45%±5.05%、2.00%±0.90%、63.60%±9.88%和14.26%±9.26%、1.74%±0.93%、66.16%±9.43%。随温度上升，AA、GA和GG组的受精率和孵化率先升高后下降，而畸形率先下降后上升；GA组和AG组均在27 ℃时表现出较优的配子兼容性和合子育性，此时GA组和AG组的受精率、畸形率、孵化率分别为7.95%±4.04%、1.79%±1.04%、57.11%±9.95%和14.70%±7.27%、1.66%±0.85%、67.25%±15.19%。随精子浓度的增加，GG组的受精率逐渐上升，孵化率逐渐下降，GA组和AG组的受精率逐渐上升；GA组和AG组均在10⁴个/μL时表现出较优的配子兼容性和合子育性，此时二者的受精率、畸形率、孵化率分别为9.09%±7.53%、1.59%±0.48%、67.97%±19.96%和14.30%±6.04%、1.06%±0.68%、67.33%±12.65%。研究表明，温度、盐度和精子浓度对长牡蛎和近江牡蛎种间配子兼容性影响较小，但对合子育性影响较大。     

Broodstock conditioning of the Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata,Lamarck, 1819): influence of different diets

The Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata shows great potential in oyster farming. The conservation of pure populations of this species is important for production diversification and biodiversity preservation. In this way, the zootechnological development for seed hatchery production is extremely important. Broodstock conditioning is a key step in the process of rearing bivalves in a hatchery. Many factors regulate the reproductive cycle, being food one of the most important ones. To evaluate the effect of different diets on C. angulata reproductive performance, broodstock were conditioned with different food regimes formulated fundamentally by flagellates (Diet 1 – Pavlova lutheri and Isochrysis galbana clone T‐ISO; Diet 2 – P. lutheri, T‐ISO and Skeletonema costatum) and constituted fundamentally by diatoms (Diet 3 – S. costatum and Chaetoceros calcitrans; Diet 4 – P. lutheri, S. costatum and C. calcitrans). During conditioning, samples of oysters were collected to evaluate condition index, gonadal development and biochemical composition. At the end of the conditioning period, oysters were induced to spawn to evaluate reproductive output (fecundity, fertilization rate and D‐larvae development). The diets had an impact on the gametogenesis process, energy storage and reproductive output performance, being the best results those obtained in broodstock fed with the diatoms‐predominant diets. However, those fed with diets majority flagellates had an unsuccessful performance. Holistic approaches incorporating all results in this study reveal and reinforce the idea that the diatom species used presented the nutritional requirements to C. angulata broodstock, being essential in the conditioning phase.     

近江牡蛎（Crassostrea hongkongensis）家系早期发育生长比较

选取数量性状有较大差异的6个近江牡蛎（Crassostrea hongkongensis）作为亲本，成功建赢了9个半同胞家系，并对各个家系的受精、孵化、成活和早期生长的情况进行比较。结果显示，各家系子代的受精率、9孵化率和成活率均受亲本成熟度的影响；各家系的早期生长中，家系CH1、CH4和CH7的生长率大于其他家系；近江牡蛎幼虫的早期生长阶段受母本效应影响明显。     

长牡蛎中国群体和美国群体杂交效应与三倍体的优势

将长牡蛎中国群体二倍体分别与美国群体二倍体和四倍体进行杂交,实验共设置4组,分别为杂交二倍体组、杂交三倍体组、中国二倍体组和美国二倍体组,比较了各实验组卵裂率、D幼率、D形幼虫大小及幼虫期、稚贝期的壳高生长、存活率等生物学指标,并估算杂交二倍体的杂种优势率和杂交三倍体的三倍体优势率。结果表明,杂交二倍体幼虫壳高生长的杂种优势率不明显,平均杂种优势率为1.21%,幼虫的存活率及稚贝的壳高生长表现出明显的杂种优势,平均杂种优势率分别为34.47%和20.39%。杂交三倍体的D形幼虫大小、幼虫和稚贝的壳高生长、存活率均表现出三倍体优势,D形幼虫大小三倍体优势率为5.19%,幼虫期壳高生长和存活的平均三倍体优势率分别为4.00%和19.92%,稚贝壳高生长和存活的平均三倍体优势率分别为30.18%和54.43%,200日龄,杂交三倍体鲜体质量的三倍体优势率为202.96%,存活三倍体优势率为73.60%。此外,稚贝期的杂交二倍体生长性状的杂种优势率和杂交三倍体的三倍体优势率均高于幼虫期的优势率。研究表明,中、美两地理群体杂交获得的三倍体长牡蛎子代生长和存活性状都比二倍体优良。杂交三倍体的优良性状主要是三倍体优势,杂交优势的贡献率还有待进一步实验证实。     

Effects of storage temperature and duration on the setting and post-set spat survival of the tropical oyster, Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino)

The effects of six storage temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and room temperature) and six storage durations (6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) on pre-settlement larvae of Crassostrea iredalei indicated that settlement rate deteriorated with time for all temperatures. The highest settlement rate (40.1%) was attained at a storage temperature of 20°C for 6 h. This was followed by 10°C and 15°C for 6 h, with mean percent sets of 35.4% and 33.5%, respectively. An above-average set of 29.5% was obtained for the control larvae (larvae directly from the rearing tanks) compared to larvae stored between 10°C and 20°C for 12 to 24 h (21.1–28.2%). Average sets obtained for storage between 10°C and 20°C was 16.6–19.7% for up to 48 h, and sets for room temperature (ca. 30°C) and 5°C for 12 h were 11.9% and 16.9%, respectively; whereas at 25°C the set rate was 10.7% for 6 h. Storage at all other levels of temperature and duration resulted in poor set rates of less than 8%. All successfully set larvae from this experiment were further kept in the hatchery for three weeks to observe their short-term post-settlement survival. Survival rates were closely related to the setting rates, whereby higher sets contributed to better survival rates. The highest survival rates, 61.3–84.8%, were recorded for larvae set at temperatures ranging from 10°C to 20°C with a storage time of up to 48 h. These levels were comparable to the control (68.0%) and 5°C for up to 12 h (68.9%). Storage at 72 h resulted in total mortality at all temperatures, except for those stored at of 10°C (51.5% survival) and 20°C (14.7%).     

广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量及时空分布特点

根据 198 9～ 1997年广东沿岸 12个采样点近江牡蛎 (CrassostrearivularisGould)体Cd的测定数据和有关历史资料 ,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量与时空分布特点。所有牡蛎体样品均检出Cd ,含量为( 0 .0 8～ 7.81)× 10 - 6,总平均值为 1.92× 10 - 6。粤东与粤西沿岸除个别样品外 ,绝大部分Cd含量均远低于评价标准 ,而珠江口沿岸样品的超标率则达到 2 5%。牡蛎体Cd含量的空间分布呈珠江口 >粤西 >粤东。1989～ 1997年 ,牡蛎体Cd含量的年际变化呈双峰分布 ,次高值和最高值分别出现在 1992年和 1995年 ,其余年份虽有波动 ,但无显著差异。     

山东沿海褶牡蛎与太平洋牡蛎等位基因酶的遗传变异

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了山东沿海莱州 (LZ)、俚岛 (LD)和青岛 (QD)三地褶牡蛎自然群体以及荣成的太平洋牡蛎 (TP)养殖群体的等位基因酶遗传变异。进行测试的 9种酶中共检测到 2 0个位点。LZ与QD群体的多态位点比例为 6 0 .0 % ,其余两群体均为 5 5 .0 %。LZ、LD、TP和QD各位点平均有效等位基因数分别为 1.42 2± 0 .16 5、1.2 38± 0 .0 85、1.2 0 7± 0 .0 86和 1.32 6± 0 .119。平均杂合度观察值分别为 0 .2 16± 0 .0 5 0、0 .16 5± 0 .0 36、0 .139± 0 .0 34和 0 .195± 0 .0 42。结果表明 ,LZ和QD群体的遗传变异水平高于LD和TP群体。同时 ,各群体中普遍存在杂合子缺失现象。太平洋牡蛎群体与其它三个褶牡蛎群体的遗传距离很小 ,甚至小于莱州和青岛的两个褶牡蛎群体间的遗传距离 0 .0 5 0 0 ,尤其是与俚岛褶牡蛎群体遗传相似度最大 ,遗传距离小于其它各群体之间的距离 ,仅为 0 .0 0 99。     

升温与聚苯乙烯微塑料复合暴露对长牡蛎血细胞功能、免疫基因表达和能量代谢的影响

为阐明全球气候变暖和微塑料复合胁迫对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)免疫应答、氧化应激和能量代谢的影响，本研究采用3个微塑料(microplastics, MPs)水平[无微塑料、小粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料(SPS-MPs,6μm)和大粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料(LPS-MPs,50～60μm)]和2个温度水平(20℃和25℃)对长牡蛎进行了为期21 d的单一和复合暴露，检测分析了各组长牡蛎血细胞功能[吞噬活性、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量]、糖原含量以及免疫相关基因表达的变化。研究结果表明，SPS-MPs暴露能增加长牡蛎血淋巴细胞中ROS含量，降低血细胞吞噬活性，揭示SPS-MPs毒性作用更强。升温与微塑料的协同作用增加了长牡蛎消化腺组织中的糖原含量。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示，升温与SPS-MPs复合暴露组长牡蛎消化腺组织通过上调热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein90, HSP90)、核因子κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-κB, IκB)和p53基因表达量进行免疫应答；升温与微塑料的拮抗作用增加了鳃组织p53基...