Genetic diversity of the Mexican Lidia bovine breed and its divergence from the Spanish population

Lidia bovine breed exists since the XIV century in the Iberian Peninsula. These animals were initially produced for meat but some, showing an aggressive behaviour which difficulted their management, were used to participate in popular traditional and social events. A specialization of the breed giving rise to the original Lidia population is documented in Spain since mid-XVIII century. Following the same tradition than in the Spanish population, Mexico used aggressive animals at the beginning of the XX century until two families of breeders started importing Lidia breed bovines from Spain with the aim of specializing their production. Each family (Llaguno and González) followed different breeding managements, and currently, most of the Lidia Mexican population derives from the Llaguno line. Although genetic structure and diversity of the Spanish population have been studied (using autosomal microsatellite markers, Y chromosome DNA markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences), the Mexican population is not analysed. The aim of the study was to assess both the genetic structure and diversity of the Mexican Lidia breed and its relationship with the original Spanish population using the same molecular tools. A total of 306 animals belonging to 20 breeders issued from both existing Mexican families were genotyped, and the genetic information was compared to the previously existing Spanish information. Slightly higher levels of genetic diversity in Mexican population were found when comparing to the Spanish population, and the variability among populations accounted for differences within them showing mean values of 0.18 and 0.12, respectively. Animals from the Mexican breeders, belonging to each of the two families, clustered together, and there was little evidence of admixture with the Spanish population. The analysis of Y chromosome diversity showed a high frequency of the H6 haplotype in the Mexican population, whereas this haplotype is rare in the Spanish, which is only found in the Miura (100%) and Casta Navarra (38%) lineages. Mitochondrial DNA revealed similar haplotypic pattern in both Spanish and Mexican populations, which is in accordance with most of the Mediterranean bovine breeds. In conclusion, as the Mexican Lidia population had initially a small number of founders and its current population has been reared isolated from their Spanish ancestors since a long time, these bottleneck effects and a combination of mixed cattle origin are the factors that might erase any trace of the Spanish origin of this population.     

南麦号系列小麦品种的染色体结构演变

为了明确南麦号系列小麦品种及其亲本的染色体结构特点,用4种寡核苷酸探针和非变性荧光原位杂交(ND-FISH)技术对南麦号小麦品种及其亲本的染色体进行了分析。结果表明,亲本攀早抗含1RS/1BL易位染色体,它的4个衍生品种中3个含1RS/1BL易位染色体。寡核苷酸探针Oligo-275.1、Oligo-275.2、Oligo-pSc119.2-1和Oligo-pTa535-1反映出了2A、4A、5A、6A、7A、3B、5B、6B、1D和2D染色体在攀早抗及其衍生品种间的结构差异。根据Oligo-275.1和Oligo-275.2的信号模式,推测7A染色体在南麦302、特研麦南88和荣春南麦1号中的重组情况不同。     

杏香兔耳风核型分析

以杏香兔耳风组培苗根尖为试验材料,对其核型进行了较系统的分析。结果表明:杏香兔耳风共有12对染色体,其核型公式为K(2n)=2x=24=10m 2sm,即核型主要以中部着丝点(m)为主,有10对;还有2对近中部着丝点(sm)。染色体总长度为51.18um,相对长度范围为1.11～3.80um,臂比幅度为1.40～1.61um,染色体长度比为3.14,属"2B"核型。     

蒲公英染色体核型分析

蒲公英的染色体核型国内一直未见报道 ,通过对其中期染色体形态的研究 ,得知其核型为 2n =2M 1 6m 4sm 4st=2 6。     

薄壳山核桃及云南山核桃染色体核型分析

对胡桃科山核桃属植物薄壳山核桃和云南山核桃的染色体数目，形态进行了研究，得出了这两种折染色体核型分析结果。     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.     

Functional roles of root plasticity and its contribution to water uptake and dry matter production of CSSLs with the genetic background of KDML105 under soil moisture fluctuation

Soil moisture fluctuation (SMF) stress due to erratic rainfall in rainfed lowland (RFL) rice ecosystems negatively affect production. Under such condition, root plasticity is one of the key traits that play important roles for plant adaptation. This study aimed to evaluate root plasticity expression and its functional roles in water uptake, dry matter production and yield under SMF using three chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) with major genetic background of KDML105 and a common substituted segment in chromosome 8. The CSSLs showed greater shoot dry matter production than KDML105 under SMF, which was attributed to the maintenance of stomatal conductance resulting in higher grain yield. The root system development based on total root length of the CSSLs were significantly higher than that of KDML105 due to the promoted production of nodal and lateral roots. These results implied that the common substituted segments in chromosome 8 of the 3 CSSLs may be responsible for the expression of their root plasticity under SMF and contributed to the increase in water uptake and consequently dry matter production and yield. These CSSLs could be used as a good source of genetic material for drought resistance breeding programs targeting rainfed lowland condition with fluctuating soil moisture environments and for further genetic studies to elucidate mechanisms underlying root plasticity.     

基于寡核苷酸探针套painting的中国春非整倍体高清核型及应用

基于寡核苷酸探针套painting的染色体鉴定技术简单、经济和高效, 可以促进小麦品种及亲缘物种染色体识别和变异体鉴定, 提高染色体工程效率。我们前期开发了寡核苷酸探针套, 包含pAs1-1、pAs1-3、AFA-4、(GAA)₁₀和pSc119.2-1共5个探针。本研究通过一次荧光原位杂交(FISH), 对源于17个非整倍体的18份材料分析发现, 其中14个染色体组成正确, 可以清晰识别相应的缺体、四体和端体。还构建了基于寡核苷酸探针套涂染的、能准确识别3个基因组和7个部分同源群染色体的高清核型, 发现4个非整倍体发生变异, 其中从N5BT5D中鉴定出一个可能的小片段相互易位系T6AS·6AL-6DL和T6DS·6DL-6AL。进一步对7个地方品种、10个栽培品种(系)和1个人工合成小麦分析, 发现15条染色体存在多态性, 涉及6条B组(除4B)、5条A组(除1A和3A)和4条D组(1D、2D、4D和7D)染色体, 可以清晰识别我国小麦生产上广泛应用的3种易位类型(T1RS·1BL、T6VS·6AL及相互易位T1RS·7DL和T7DS·1BL), 省去了基因组原位杂交(GISH)程序。另外, 对5个亲缘物种分析发现, 该探针套可以识别栽培一粒小麦、硬粒小麦Langdon、荆州黑麦、长穗偃麦草(2n=2x=14)全部和中间偃麦草30条染色体, 并构建了这5个物种的核型。本研究结果证实该寡核苷酸探针套可以有效用于小麦及亲缘物种染色体鉴定, 高清晰的中国春非整倍体核型为小麦染色体工程提供了参考标准。     

棕点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)F1染色体制备方法及核型分析

探索了在鱼类大小规格不同情况下制备鱼类染色体的最佳策略和方法,并对棕点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)杂交子代(俗称珍珠龙胆)的染色体核型进行研究.本研究根据预实验的结果,对所选取的珍珠龙胆幼鱼,采用小鱼游泳法进行前处理,取其鳍条并以冷、热两种不同的滴片方法制备染色体,观察染色体形态并对其染色体核型进行分析.结果显示,选用的染色体制备方法能获得图像清晰、形态良好的细胞分裂相;不同的滴片处理方法细胞分裂指数存在一定差异,即热滴片法的有丝分裂指数为2.58％,明显高于冷滴片法的有丝分裂指数(0.83％),此外,热滴片法所获得的染色体的质量也明显优于冷滴片法.珍珠龙胆石斑鱼二倍体染色体数为48,22对染色体为端部着丝粒染色体,2对染色体为亚端部着丝粒染色体,其染色体臂数(NF)为52,核型公式为2n=48,4st+44t.珍珠龙胆与父本鞍带石斑鱼的染色体数目、核型基本一致,而与母本棕点石斑鱼的核型存在很大差异.研究表明,珍珠龙胆的2n数与其亲本相同,其核型特点符合典型的高位类群鱼类核型特征.在对珍珠龙胆与其亲本的核型进行比较的同时,对已报道的25种石斑鱼进行了核型的比较和综合分析,为石斑鱼的种质鉴定、遗传资源保护利用、育种提供基础资料和理论依据.     

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Drought Tolerant and Susceptible Rice Genotypes Using Microsatellite Markers

The introgression of wild chromosomal segments into popular rice varieties is one of the potential approaches for developing varieties for drought stress condition. Sixteen genotypes, including nine indica, two tropical japonica and five chromosome segments substitution lines(CSSLs) with different levels of tolerance/susceptibility to drought stress, were selected for diversity study. Sixty-three microsatellite markers were utilized for assessing genetic diversity. A total of 95 alleles were amplified, and out of them, 60 were polymorphic. Six unique alleles, amplified by the microsatellite loci RM276, RM472,RM488, RM537, RM541 and RM28089, were identified in six genotypes, namely FR13A, Brahamanakhi,RUF44, Swarna-sub1, Brahamanakhi and Satyabhama. The highest genetic similarity was found among CSSLs. Polymorphism information content(PIC) value varied from 0 to 1.00 with an average of 0.66 per locus. Twenty-eight microsatellites were found to be polymorphic, which could be used in marker-assisted selection programme. All the sixteen genotypes were grouped into two major clusters at genetic similarity of 0.64. In the cluster I, five CSSLs identified as diverse genotypes had wild ancestor segments responsible for drought tolerance, and hence they could be utilized as potential donors. The popular Indian varieties, Swarna-sub1 and IR64-sub1, could be used as recurrent parents in the future breeding program for developing varieties for abiotic stresses such as submergence and drought.