小球藻遗传转化技术研究进展

小球藻( Chlorella )是一种单细胞真核藻类,属绿藻门、绿藻纲、绿球藻目、小球藻科、小球藻属 [1] 。作为最早开发的真核微藻之一,具有高营养价值、生长快速、结构简单、易工业化集成等显著优点。其细胞形态为球形或椭圆形,直径3~12 μm,呈单生或聚集成群状生长 [2] ,分布广泛,多见于淡水、咸水和土壤中。作为地球上最早的生命之一,小球藻基因比较稳定,至今未见有关其基因自发突变的报道。因其富含蛋白质、脂质、维生素、活性代谢产物等多种营养物质而被公认为具有高附加值和医疗保健作用,已经被广泛应用于保健食品 [3] 、水产养殖 [4] 、生物能源 [5] 等方面,关于小球藻生物技术的研究主要集中在基因组学 [6] 、分子遗传学 [7] 、代谢机理 [8] 、大规模培养 [9] 等方向。     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

小球藻红枣乳酸发酵饮料的研制

以小球藻、红枣为原料,利用乳酸菌发酵,制作具有海藻特殊芳香及兼具红枣营养价值的小球藻红枣乳酸发酵饮料。结果表明,球藻液与红枣液最佳配比为3∶7(V/V),小球藻红枣发酵液最佳发酵条件为:小球藻红枣原液添加量30%,脱脂乳70%,发酵时间9 h,发酵温度42℃,接种量0.10%;最佳调配配方为:小球藻红枣发酵液50 m L,水50 mL,白砂糖5 g,柠檬酸0.2%,稳定剂(CMC)0.2%。研制出的饮料为均匀的淡乳黄色,清新的红枣味和发酵乳香味,无藻腥味,具有独特的口感。     

Relationships of Spectral Reflectance with Plant Tissue Mineral Elements of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Salinity Stresses

ABSTRACT

Salinity and drought stresses are critical for Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and development. They affect plants in various ways, including tissue mineral element content. Micro- and macro-elements in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Blue lake’ and cv. ‘Terli’) subjected to deficit irrigation and salinity treatments were investigated, both analytically and with regards to their effect on the leaves’ spectral reflectance. B (boron), K (potassium), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), Si (silicon) and Zn (zinc) appeared to be influenced by stress factors, mainly responding to salinity increase. The leaf spectral reflectance of the plants appeared to be significantly correlated with most of the elements under investigation. Multivariate regression identified a relationship of the reflectance at particular regions of the spectrum with phosphorus and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and indicated a significant correlation with B, Fe (iron), K, Mn, P (phosphorus) and Zn. Moreover, customized spectral indices, exhibiting significantly high correlation with B, Fe, K, Mg (magnesium), Mn, Na, P, Zn and N (nitrogen), were developed.     

陕西蚜茧蜂滞育诱导研究和田间滞育调查

[目的]探讨温度和光周期2种因素在蚜茧蜂滞育诱导中发挥的作用及影响程度,筛选最适温度与光周期组合。[方法]对陕西地区影响蚜茧蜂滞育的诱导因素和蚜茧蜂田间滞育情况进行研究。[结果]蚜茧蜂的滞育型为冬滞育型,低温并配合短光照(L∶D=8∶16)可明显诱导蚜茧蜂滞育,其中温度为8℃时滞育率可达47.6%。在温度25℃的条件下,所设置的光周期条件下均不能诱导蚜茧蜂滞育。自然条件下,陕西地区蚜茧蜂大多以老熟幼虫越冬,田间滞育率最高达82.2%,其余个体以蛹或预蛹越冬,田间滞育期持续4~5个月。[结论]试验结果为蚜茧蜂投入实际生产提供了参考。     

不同施肥条件对土池培育小球藻总脂含量及脂肪酸组成的影响

以辽宁盘锦光合蟹业有限公司养殖基地为试验场所,研究施以3种肥料(化肥、鸡肥、化肥与鸡肥的混和肥)对土池培育小球藻的主要营养指标——脂质含量和脂肪酸组成的影响。试验结果表明,施混合肥所培养的小球藻,其藻细胞密度略高于化肥组和鸡肥组;混合肥组小球藻的脂质含量(鲜质量的5.36%)也高于化肥组(鲜质量的4.02%)和鸡肥组(鲜质量的2.89%);混合肥组小球藻的多不饱和脂肪酸和高度不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著优于单一施化肥或鸡肥的小球藻。因此,在土池中施混合肥更有利于培育出高质量的小球藻。     

生物炭与小球藻联合吸附重金属的效果

[目的]研究生物炭与小球藻对水体中重金属单独及联合吸附特性。[方法]以小麦秸秆生物炭和小球藻为吸附剂,进行了不同添加量的生物炭对Pb的吸附等温试验,小球藻对Pb等温吸附试验,以及生物炭和小球藻联合吸附Pb的等温吸附试验。[结果]生物炭与小球藻对Pb的等温吸附曲线均符合Langmuir方程。当生物炭添加量为50 mg/L时,吸附量最大,为203.339 mg/g;小球藻添加量为500 mg/L时最大吸附量为67.851 mg/g;生物炭和小球藻联合吸附的最大吸附量为79.144 mg/g。[结论]生物炭联合小球藻用于吸附Pb的最大吸附量高于单独吸附。     

寻常型银屑病不同证型蛋白组学表达的比较研究

目的 对寻常型银屑病（血热证、血瘀证、血虚证）患者与正常人差异蛋白进行分析，探求三证之间差异性表达蛋白，从蛋白质组学角度揭示三证之间的差异。方法 取寻常型银屑病血瘀证、血虚证、血热证患者的血清，应用蛋白提取、定量、双向电泳技术、质谱鉴定和数据库检索，寻找出三证之间的差异蛋白和共有蛋白，并将这些蛋白进行组间比较。结果 发现了15种显著性差异蛋白（P<0.05），其中补体C3、凝聚素、血清转铁蛋白、间-α-胰蛋白酶抑制剂H4重链（片段）、载脂蛋白E、补体C4-B、甘露糖结合蛋白C及富亮氨酸-α-2-糖蛋白在血虚型银屑病患者血清表达水平高于血热型和血瘀型（P<0.05）。纤维蛋白原β链、血液接合素、纤维蛋白原γ链、HPX蛋白、α-抗胰蛋白酶、甲状腺素转运蛋白及载脂蛋白Ⅳ在血热型银屑病患者血清中的表达水平高于血瘀型患者（P<0.05）。共同蛋白有5种（P<0.05），分别为血液结合素、纤维蛋白原γ链、HPX蛋白、α-抗胰蛋白酶、载脂蛋白A-Ⅳ。结论 寻常型银屑病（血热证、血瘀证、血虚证）血清中存在表达差异性蛋白质，可能与寻常型银屑病的发病机制和银屑病不同证型的物质基础有关。     

Strategy to identify resistance to white mould associated with high yield for irrigated common bean in Brazil

Development of common bean cultivars with partial white mould resistance through breeding techniques has been a challenge in Brazil. As yet, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes have not been investigated for resistance; therefore, this study screened 107 lines/cultivars for their reactions to white mould in 14 preliminary trials conducted under irrigation. Thirteen resistant lines/cultivars (three of Andean origin) and six Mesoamerican cultivars (three intermediately resistant and three susceptible) were selected for further investigation. These lines/cultivars and the resistant control A195 were evaluated in six advanced trials and two straw tests to assess the effectiveness of the screening procedure. In 11 preliminary trials, screenings were performed under moderate/high or higher disease pressure. These pressures occurred in two advanced trials in which, when yields were averaged across moderate/high and high pressures, 10 Mesoamerican lines/cultivars selected for resistance yielded 14%, 23%, and 38% more than intermediately resistant cultivars, A195, and susceptible cultivars, with median disease ratings (1–9 scale) of 4.5, 5.7, 5.7, and 6.7, respectively. In the straw test, three Andean lines/cultivars (A195 included) and two susceptible cultivars in the field were among those with the highest levels of physiological resistance. Thus, field rating under high disease pressure and greenhouse rating did not correlate significantly, suggesting that field trials are critical to evaluating resistance and to identifying high-yielding beans. Therefore, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes assessed in field trials may provide a low cost and fast way to identify high-yielding bean cultivars with partial resistance to white mould in the subtropical southern hemisphere.     

银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病临床疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的临床疗效和安全性。方法 检索数据库包括：PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、维普、万方数据库等，关键词采用"疗效""银屑胶囊"和"银屑病"，定年限为2000年1月至2018年12月，由两位研究者按照纳入排除标准独立筛选文献，进行文献质量评估和数据提取，结果采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入7篇文献，共涉及660例患者。Meta分析结果显示，在有效性方面，银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的临床疗效优于单用阿维A胶囊，其60 d治愈率和60 d有效率的OR值分别为：2.21（95% CI：1.53~3.17）和2.66（95% CI：1.86~3.79）；在PASI评分方面，银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的PASI评分低于单用阿维A胶囊（SMD=-0.93，95% CI：-1.23~-0.62）；在血清炎症因子指标方面，银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的血清炎症因子IL-4、IL-10水平均高于单用阿维A胶囊：IL-4（SMD=0.83，95% CI：0.01，1.66），IL-10（SMD=0.56，95% CI：0.28，0.84）；在安全性方面，除了鼻出血外，银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的眼干、皮肤干燥、毛囊炎、转氨酶升高、高脂血症等不良反应发生率均显著低于单用阿维A胶囊的情况。结论 银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病安全有效，然而，确切结论有待于更多的高质量、多中心、大规模的随机对照研究证实。