大型海藻对海水水族箱生态微宇宙结构及稳定性的影响

稳定高效的多营养层级景观生态系统构建是近年来水族行业的发展热门,为探究海水水族箱在引入大型海藻后微宇宙生态系统结构和稳定性的变化,分别对不同处理组进行水质指标、浮游生物及细菌群落结构分析。结果表明：（1）有藻组水体溶解氧（DO）含量和pH上升趋势高于无藻组,并可维持亚硝态氮（NO2--N）含量在较低水平,实验结束时磷酸盐（PO43--P）及铵态氮（NH4+-N）含量显著低于无藻组（P < 0.05）。（2）有藻组细菌多样性及均匀度指数显著低于无藻组（P < 0.05）;浮游生物群落均匀度指数存在显著组间差异（P < 0.05）。（3）细菌群落结构分析结果显示,无藻及有藻组第一、二优势菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,无生物对照组分别为变形菌门和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;各处理组浮游生物群落的第一优势门均为硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）,至少占样品中浮游生物群落丰度的40%以上,第一优势属均为直链藻属（Melosira）。（4）CCA结果显示,无藻组微生物优势种丰度与营养盐含量呈正相关关系,与溶解氧（DO）及pH负相关,有藻组则相反。通过以上结果可推测,不同营养层级的微宇宙系统浮游生物及细菌群落组成不同,培养针叶蕨藻（Caulerpa sertularioides）能有效改善生态水族箱水质环境并影响水体微宇宙结构,有利于构建稳定高效并美观的海水景观生态系统。     

Growth and survival of the juvenile yellowleg shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis cohabiting with the green feather alga Caulerpa sertularioides at different temperatures

This study was performed to determine the growth and survival patterns of the juvenile yellowleg shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis cohabiting with the green feather alga Caulerpa sertularioides over a range of temperatures (18, 22, 25, 28 and 32°C) found throughout the year in the Gulf of California. From an initial weight of 46 ± 10 mg, shrimp cohabiting with green feather algae increased in weight by an average of 0.57 (±0.07), 5.44 (±0.45), 6.36 (±0.37), 7.66 (±0.26) and 5.96 (±0.59) g at 18, 22, 25, 28 and 32°C, respectively, whereas shrimp grown without seaweed increased in weight by an average of 0.28 (±0.026), 2.66 (±0.24), 3.15 (±0.49), 4.00 (±0.67), and 3.54 (±0.09) g respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed for the growth rates of juvenile yellowleg shrimp in the presence of C. sertularioides and peak growth was observed at 28°C in experiments with macroalgae. No significant differences were observed for shrimp survival except at 32°C without macroalgae, where survival was lower. These results suggest a beneficial and growth‐promoting effect of cohabitation with live C. sertularioides on F. californiensis.     

The Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Caulerpin,a Bisindole Alkaloid Isolated from Seaweeds of the Genus Caulerpa

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of caulerpin was investigated. This bisindole alkaloid was isolated from the lipoid extract of Caulerpa racemosa and its structure was identified by spectroscopic methods, including IR and NMR techniques. The pharmacological assays used were the writhing and the hot plate tests, the formalin-induced pain, the capsaicin-induced ear edema and the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Caulerpin was given orally at a concentration of 100 μmol/kg. In the abdominal constriction test caulerpin showed reduction in the acetic acid-induced nociception at 0.0945 μmol (0.0103–1.0984) and for dypirone it was 0.0426 μmol (0.0092–0.1972). In the hot plate test in vivo the inhibition of nociception by caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was also favorable. This result suggests that this compound exhibits a central activity, without changing the motor activity (seen in the rotarod test). Caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) reduced the formalin effects in both phases by 35.4% and 45.6%, respectively. The possible anti-inflammatory activity observed in the second phase in the formalin test of caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was confirmed on the capsaicin-induced ear edema model, where an inhibition of 55.8% was presented. Indeed, it was also observed in the carrageenan-induced peritonitis that caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, reducing significantly the number of recruit cells by 48.3%. Pharmacological studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions and also to identify other active principles present in Caulerpa racemosa.     

提高CO2和硝氮浓度对羽毛藻生化组成和营养盐吸收的影响

以羽毛藻为研究材料,利用CO_2培养箱通入不同CO_2浓度的空气进行培养,探究在高浓度CO_2和高浓度硝氮条件下羽毛藻生理生化的变化。结果表明,高浓度CO_2或硝氮都能显著促进藻体的生长,高碳高氮下藻体的相对生长率比低碳低氮组高出63.77%。另外,高浓度CO_2会使藻体中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白、可溶性蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物的含量下降,而使硝酸还原酶活性升高,其中明显的表现为高碳低氮组叶绿素a含量比低碳低氮组降低了39.01%,高碳高氮组比低碳高氮组降低了49.26%,相应类胡萝卜素高碳组分别降低了47.62%和43.24%,增加硝氮浓度能够提高藻体中色素含量,可溶性蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物的含量;在高浓度硝氮下,提高CO_2浓度能使硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸收率显著升高。由此得知大气CO_2浓度升高或海水富营养化会促进羽毛藻的生长,并且这两个条件的改变会对羽毛藻在生化组成和营养盐吸收方面产生深刻的影响。     

海南几种大型绿藻18S rRNA基因的克隆与序列分析

对海南沿岸采集到的团集刚毛藻(Cladophora glomerata)、细毛横丝藻(Acrochaete leptochaete)、石莼(Ulva reticulata)和长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)进行了形态学观察,采用18S rRNA通用引物,通过PCR技术,从这4种绿藻的基因组中扩增到各自的18S rRNA基因序列,并测序。与Genebank中已收录的6种绿藻18S rRNA基因序列进行比较分析,所得10种绿藻的18S rRNA基因长度为727 bp,变异位点为266个,保守位点为453个。刚毛藻目与蕨藻目的遗传距离最大,为0.376;刚毛藻属内的种间遗传距离最小,为0.010。采用NJ法构建的系统进化树的拓扑结构显示:细毛横丝藻、葡枝横丝藻、石莼、礁膜、羽状尾孢藻和皱溪菜聚为一支;团集刚毛藻与扭曲刚毛藻单独聚为一支;长茎葡萄蕨藻与总状蕨藻聚为一支。说明18S rRNA序列可以作为大型绿藻系统发育研究的分子标记。     

棒叶蕨藻变种对重金属Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)胁迫的生理响应

为研究棒叶蕨藻变种(Caulerpa sertularoides f.Longipes)对重金属离子胁迫的生理响应,通过恒温光照培养方法探讨棒叶蕨藻变种在重金属铜离子(Cu~(2+))、铅离子(Pb~(2+))、镉离子(Cd~(2+))的胁迫下对其日特定生长率(SGR)、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等指标的影响。结果显示,3种重金属离子的胁迫会影响藻体的正常生长,SGR均出现负增长,可溶性蛋白和Chl-a含量随处理浓度的增大而呈下降趋势,其中Cu~(2+)的影响尤为明显;重金属对藻体生长的抑制能力大小为Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+);3种重金属离子对SOD和GST影响均表现为先升后降趋势,除了Cd~(2+)对SOD影响峰值出现在5.00 mg/L之外,其他处理组的峰值均出现在质量浓度为2.50mg/L时。研究结果可为棒叶蕨藻变种的重金属胁迫机理研究提供参考。     

Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Caulerpa mexicana suppress cell migration and ear edema induced by inflammatory agents

The regulation of the inflammatory response is essential to maintaining homeostasis. Several studies have investigated new drugs that may contribute to avoiding or minimizing excessive inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracts of green algae Caulerpa mexicana on models inflammation. In mice, the inflammatory peritonitis model is induced by zymosan. Previous treatment of mice with aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. mexicana was able to suppress the cell migration to the peritoneal cavity, in a time-dependent but not in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of mice with C. mexicana extracts also decreased the xylene-induced ear edema, exerting strong inhibitory leukocyte migration elicited by zymosan into the air pouch. We concluded that administration of the extracts resulted in a reduction of cell migration to different sites as well as a decrease in edema formation induced by chemical irritants. This study demonstrates for the first time the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts from the green marine algae Caulerpa mexicana.     

海葡萄蕨藻多糖ASE提取工艺研究

为研究海葡萄多糖提取的工艺条件,以蒽酮-浓硫酸法测定粗多糖中的总糖含量为指标,采用正交试验L9(33)结合加速溶剂萃取技术(ASE)对海葡萄多糖提取工艺进行优化.结果显示,海葡萄多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为温度120℃、静态提取2次、每次35 min,提取温度对多糖提取率具有极显著性影响.在最优条件下,海葡萄多糖得率为51.03(±0.62)％,与传统水提醇沉提取法(多糖提取率30.21％)相比,该提取工艺具有操作简便、缩短提取时间、节能耗、多糖得率高等优点,是一种快速经济实用的新型工艺.     

提高CO2和硝氮浓度对羽毛藻生化组成和营养盐吸收的影响

以羽毛藻为研究材料,利用C02培养箱通入不同C02浓度的空气进行培养,探究在高浓度C02和高浓度硝氮条件下羽毛藻生理生化的变化.结果表明,高浓度C02或硝氮都能显著促进藻体的生长,高碳高氮下藻体的相对生长率比低碳低氮组高出63.77％.另外,高浓度C02会使藻体中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白、可溶性蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物的含量下降,而使硝酸还原酶活性升高,其中明显的表现为高碳低氮组叶绿素a含量比低碳低氮组降低了39.01％,高碳高氮组比低碳高氮组降低了49.26％,相应类胡萝卜素高碳组分别降低了47.62％和43.24％,增加硝氮浓度能够提高藻体中色素含量,可溶性蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物的含量;在高浓度硝氮下,提高C02浓度能使硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸收率显著升高.由此得知大气C02浓度升高或海水富营养化会促进羽毛藻的生长,并且这两个条件的改变会对羽毛藻在生化组成和营养盐吸收方面产生深刻的影响.     

养殖长茎葡萄蕨藻黑褐病的病原学研究

本研究从大连某养殖场发生黑褐病的长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)分离得到1株优势菌株CL2017070801002。采用该菌株浓度为103~108 CFU/ml的菌液浸泡感染长茎葡萄蕨藻，在7 d内，每个感染实验组的藻体都出现了不同程度的黑褐色典型发病症状，人工感染实验结果表明，CL2017070801002对长茎葡萄蕨藻有致病性。扫描电镜观察发现，藻体细胞壁表面聚集大量细菌，随着侵染时间加长，细胞组织破裂死亡。研究表明，CL2017070801002为本次发现的长茎葡萄蕨藻黑褐病的病原。结合革兰氏染色、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列进化树分析结果，将该菌株鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)。药敏实验结果显示，该菌株对氯霉素、四环素、氟罗沙星、强力霉素和氟苯尼考等药物高度敏感，对庆大霉素、克拉霉素等药物中度敏感，对青霉素、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定等药物不敏感。本研究为长茎葡萄蕨藻的细菌性病害防治提供了有益参考。