基于ISSR分子标记的紫云英种质资源遗传多样性及结构分析

紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)是我国重要的稻田绿肥作物,为揭示不同地区种质资源遗传特征,本研究利用ISSR分子标记对77份紫云英种质资源进行了遗传多样性及结构分析。研究发现,77份供试紫云英种质资源遗传相似性系数为0.567 7～0.868 6,可划分为6个聚类。不同地区群体间分化系数为0.136 3,达到极显著水平(P<0.001),其中种群间变异占比13.9%,种群内变异占比86.1%。不同ISSR引物扩增信息鉴别紫云英资源的能力存在差异,构建了以P809第3,8,9,10,12,15扩增位点以及P886第1,3,5,9,10,11扩增位点为特征的指纹图谱,能有效区分77份供试紫云英资源。以资源所在省份为单元进行群体分析,供试紫云英资源遗传结构呈现分化特征,河南-安徽-江苏-上海资源遗传结构相似,构成北方亚群;四川-广西-湖南-江西资源相似,构成西南方亚群;福建种质资源则呈现混合型特征。本研究结果可为我国紫云英种质资源的科学利用及新品种选育提供依据。     

Calanus oil as a natural source for flesh pigmentation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The present study was to understand how efficiently the astaxanthin in Calanus oil is utilized for flesh colouration in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). Postsmolts of the fish (309 g) were held at 7.9 °C and they were fed diets containing 20 or 60 mg astaxanthin per kilogram feed derived from a synthetic source or from Calanus oil for 181 days. Besides growth and feed intake assessments, at day 81 and 181, fish flesh were subjected to colour analysis and astaxanthin determination. Growth and feed performance did not vary between the groups. There were significant differences in the amount of astaxanthin in muscle between almost all groups both at day 81 ( P  < 0.05) and at day 181 ( P  < 0.001). However, a notable similarity between fish receiving 20 mg astaxanthin from the synthetic source and those receiving 60 mg astaxanthin from Calanus oil ( P  > 0.05) at day 181 indicated that comparable amounts were deposited only with the greater level of the natural source. Tristimuli colorimeter a* values support the analytical results at day 181. Although Calanus oil did serve as a natural dietary pigment source for farmed salmon, its inclusion level should provide more than 60 mg astaxanthin per kilogram feed to achieve colouration preferred by the market.     

The effects of climate variability on zooplankton and basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) relative abundance off southwest Britain

At small spatial scales basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) forage selectively on zooplankton along thermal fronts, but the factors influencing broader scale patterns in their abundance and distribution remain largely unknown. Using long‐term sightings data collected off southwest Britain between 1988 and 2001, we show that the number of basking sharks recorded was highly correlated with abiotic factors, principally sea surface temperature (SST) and the lagged effect of SST in the previous month, but only very weakly to zooplankton density. This suggests that the changes in number of basking sharks recorded over large spatio‐temporal scales are more closely related to the availability of climate‐driven thermal resources than prey availability, whereas the converse is supported by previous studies at local scales. Taken together, these results imply scale‐dependent behavioural responses in basking sharks, with small‐scale foraging movements linked by broad scale responses to temperature variation.     

烯草酮、氯氰菊酯和2-4D丁酯对中华摇蚊（Chironomussinicus）幼虫的急性毒性试验

[目的]评价农药对水生生物的毒理效应。[方法]采用静水法研究烯草酮、氯氰菊酯和2．4D丁酯对中华摇蚊（Chironomussinicus）幼虫的急性毒性效应。分别设定不同浓度梯度进行急性暴露试验,于48h时测定摇蚊幼虫组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性。[结果]在氯氰菊酯和2-4D丁酯处理摇蚊幼虫后12h后,不同浓度间的存活率无显著差异,在48h时随着农药浓度的增加,存活率F降。烯草酮、氯氰菊酯和2-4D丁酯对中华摇蚊幼虫48h的LC。分别为1．842、0．150和1．999mg／L,氯氰菊酯对中华摇蚊幼虫的毒性最高．其次为烯草酮,2-4D丁酯毒性最低。烯草酮对中华摇蚊幼虫组织SOD含量有明显影响．表现出剂量-效应关系;2-4D丁酯对组织SOD含量有明碌影响．但未表现出剂量-效应关系：而氯氰菊酯对组织SOD含量则无明显影响。[结论]该研究为水体污染监测和水环境中农药的残留提供理论依据。     

温室条件下巨龙竹和马来甜龙竹的早期生长表现

于温室内移植巨龙竹和马来甜龙竹实生苗进行培育,调查实生苗的保存率和发笋率,以及实生苗和新笋的高度、叶片数、健康状况和枝条的生长表现。结果表明,巨龙竹和马来甜龙竹的保存率分别为7.3%和38.5%,差异极显著;发笋率分别为66.7%和8.1%,差异也达显著水平。实生苗的高度、叶片数分别为11.3cm、3.1片和11.6cm、3.4片,差异不显著,但2竹种的健康状况之间(2.9级和4.7级)差异显著。新笋的高度、叶片数和健康状况分别为10.1~16.1cm、3.9~4.4片和4.8级,枝条的长度、叶片数和健康状况分别7.3~8.8cm、2.6~2.7片和4.7~4.8级,所有调查指标2竹种间均不存在显著差异。     

Annual weather variability and its influence on the population dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus

The reaction of the population of Calanus finmarchicus to relatively extreme annual cycles of weather in the North Sea was investigated by one-dimensional model simulations. A population dynamics model for C. finmarchicus was coupled with a physical and a biological upper-layer model for phosphate, phytoplankton and detritus to simulate the development of the successive stages of C. finmarchicus. Observed annual weather cycles were used to drive the physical water column model, the results of which were then input to the plankton model. The simulations yielded the temporal development of all stages of C. finmarchicus over an annual cycle in terms of numbers and weights. Compared with the results reported for 1984 by Carlotti and Radach (1996; Limnol . Oceanogr . 41: 522–539), it appears that the temporal range for the occurrence of the peak concentration of C. finmarchicus may be 2 weeks in the northern North Sea. The simulated variability is in accordance with observations. Years with more continuous primary production such as the year 1984, which was cloudy and windy during the summer, may then provide the optimum conditions with respect to producing an abundance of zooplankton during the following year.     

紫云英根瘤菌分子遗传学研究进展

总结了紫云英根瘤菌分子遗传学研究进展。这类根瘤菌的寄主范围较窄，早先根据互接种族概念将其定名为Rhizobium astragali。后来定名为Rhizobium huakuii。最近并入Mesorhizobium属，对大量菌株进行的16S和23SrDNAPCR-RFLP分析和代表菌株的部分16SrDNA碱基测序，揭示了7个不同基因型，表明这类菌具有遗传多样性。可以认为存在不同的种，它们都有质粒，数量1-5个，因菌株而异，可分为不同质粒型。共生基因常定位在最大的一个质粒上，即共生质粒，它们的结瘤基因具有独特结构。采用包括nodA,nodB。noC,nodD的苜蓿根瘤菌突变株进行基因互补，从紫云英根瘤蓖基因文库中获得了相应的转移接合子，这类结瘤基因的这种结构在7个基因型的菌株中都是一致的，说明结瘤基因的保守性。     

紫云英根瘤菌天然抗药性和质粒研究

从同一稻田的紫云英根瘤上共分离到１５４株紫云英根瘤菌。将来自该田块１０株紫云英的１００株根瘤菌列为分析组Ａ；来自同一植株不同根瘤的４０株根瘤菌列为分析组Ｂ；来自植株两个根瘤的１４株根瘤菌列为分析组Ｃ。对所有菌株１０种抗生素的抗药性测定表明，分析组３９个不同抗药类群；分析组Ｂ分为２２个抗药类群。同一根瘤的分离株其抗药性也存在差异。质粒检测显示所有菌株都含有质粒，质粒数为１－５条；质粒分子量主要在８