黄土高原地区土壤石油污染状况及生物修复技术研究进展

概述了黄土高原地区土壤石油污染状况及近年来该区油污土壤生物修复的研究进展,分别对微生物、植物及微生物-植物联合修复方法进行综述,强调生物强化技术在生物修复中的突出地位及植物-微生物联合修复方法的应用潜能。由于石油污染物的复杂性,现存技术在实际修复中效果并不明显,提出运用分子生物学技术研究酶功能基因、将代谢组研究融入油污土壤的修复、深入探究植物根际分泌物与微生物作用及菌根真菌生物降解机制的建议,旨在对黄土高原地区石油污染土壤修复探究工作奠定理论基础,对促进黄土高原地区土壤的保护及可持续利用具有重大意义。     

土壤生物修复过程中石油类组分变化规律的研究

[目的]研究土壤生物修复过程中石油类组分的变化规律。[方法]采用微生物修复和植物修复法对油污土壤进行修复,通过分析土壤生物修复过程中石油类含量及组分的变化来评价污染土壤的生物修复效果。[结果]随着修复时间的延长,土壤中矿物油可降到3 000 mg/kg以下;土壤中石油类总烃所占比例大幅下降,而沥青质所占比例明显上升;修复前土壤中石油类以C24为主,微生物修复后（41 d）主碳峰为C29,植物修复后（139 d）主碳峰为C17和C18。[结论]该研究为今后油污土壤生物修复效果的评价提供了科学依据。     

Mechanisms of arsenite elimination by Thiomonas sp. isolated from Carnoulès acid mine drainage

Weathering of the arsenopyrite-rich tailings of the Carnoulès abandoned mining site (Gard, France) results in the formation of acid mine waters heavily loaded with arsenic. Dissolved arsenic present in the seepage waters is precipitated within a few meters from the bottom of the tailing dam by microorganisms. From these effluents, we have isolated and characterized a Gram negative bacterium involved in this bioremediation process. This bacterium, which belongs to the Thiomonas genus, is very efficient in removing arsenite from contaminated acidic waters by oxidizing it to arsenate, which precipitates.     

土壤有机污染生物修复技术影响因素的研究进展

土壤有机污染的生物修复技术的论述很多,本文则从对影响这些技术实施的因素进行综合评述,例如污染物的性质、微生物自身特性等。     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

茂名南、北排土场生物修复中土壤性状变化的研究

广东茂名在油页岩生产过程中共产生废渣2.4×108t,堆放场占地面积8.1 km2,分别堆放在采矿场的南北两地,称为南、北排土场。通过对北排土场裸地、植林5年和南排土场植林16年、天然恢复20年的草地试验区的理化性质、土壤微生物数量及其生化活性进行对比分析,结果表明:北排裸地土壤含水差、贫瘠、酸性强;植林16年多的南排土壤理化性质、微生物、酶活性以及土壤呼吸都明显改善;但植林5年的北排土壤与裸地相差土壤性状变化不大。研究还发现,大叶相思树种对土壤改良的效果比桉树好;废渣场生物修复过程非常缓慢,必须辅以人工措施。     

生物修复菌剂的分类·应用及研究进展

由于人类的生产与社会活动,使得我们生存的自然环境遭到了前所未有的破坏。鉴于采用物理或化学方法修复环境,除去有害物质,易造成二次污染,寻找高效的生物修复方法成为了全世界的共同课题。微生物作为生态链中的分解者,由于其具有易繁殖、适应性强、代谢快等特性,是作为生物修复的极佳材料。对生物修复菌剂的分类、生产、应用及研究进展进行了综述。     

Ecological detoxification of methamidophos by earthworms in phaiozem co-contaminated with acetochlor and copper

In view of the ubiquitous co-existence of methamidophos, acetochlor and copper (Cu) in agricultural soils, ecological detoxification of methamidophos in phaiozem by earthworms was examined using the detoxic incubation experiments with illumination. It was validated that the earthworm Eisenia fetida is a useful soil animal in the process of methamidophos detoxification as the assistance of soil microbes and enzymes. Due to the action of earthworms, the half life of methamidophos with concentration of 15 mg/kg in phaiozem could decrease from 5.61 days to 5.08 days. Dynamics of methamidophos detoxification by earthworms could conform to the logistic model. Under the condition of multiple pollution combined with acetochlor (20 mg/kg) and Cu (300 mg/kg), ecological detoxification of methamidophos by earthworms became complicated. Acetochlor played a promoting role in the biodegradation of methamidophos to some extent, while it was basically inhibited by Cu.     

降解菌S113对甲磺隆污染土壤生物修复作用的研究

在室内条件下,研究了降解菌S113(Methylopila sp.)对甲磺隆污染土壤的修复作用。S113能够以甲磺隆为唯一碳源生长,72h对50mgL-1甲磺隆的降解率达98.38%。投加降解菌S113可显著提高土壤中甲磺隆的降解速率。当甲磺隆浓度为10mgkg-1干土,S113接种量为108个g-1土时,第30天土壤中甲磺隆降解率为76.9%,对照土壤中甲磺隆降解率仅为11.9%。S113降解甲磺隆的速率和接种量呈正相关,当接种量减少为105个g-1干土时,降解菌对甲磺隆的降解作用微弱。在土壤中甲磺隆浓度较低的条件下,S113的降解效果显著,而当土壤中甲磺隆浓度达到50mgkg-1时,甲磺隆降解率仅为39.6%。S113降解土壤中甲磺隆的最适温度为30℃,第30天的降解率可达75.9%。当温度为25℃、20℃时,第30天甲磺隆降解率仅为53.5%和23.9%。S113菌剂灌根,能不同程度地缓解土壤中浓度为40、80μgkg-1的甲磺隆对玉米生长的抑制作用,但当甲磺隆浓度增加到120μgkg-1时,接种S113对药害解除作用不显著。结果表明,人工接种降解菌S113,能有效去除土壤中甲磺隆残留。     

微生物与重金属作用机理研究

以微生物与重金属相互作用为对象,结合近年来国内外研究,系统地说明了5种主要分子作用机理,分别为细胞表面吸附、主动运输、细胞内隔绝、胞外沉淀及酶的解毒作用。对重金属产生抗性的基因位于微生物的染色体、质粒和转座子上。最后介绍了多种抗性菌株,并就研究和应用前景进行了分析。