Reclamation of Polluted Soil: Phytoremediation Potential of Crop-Related BRASSICA Species

Soils polluted by heavy metals can be reclaimed using a number of expensive tactics that either remove the contaminants or stabilize them within the soil. The value of metal accumulating plants for environmental remediation has recently been appreciated and promising results have been obtained. This paper reports a study on the behavior of Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Brassica carinata grown on a substrate contaminated by several heavy metals caused by the use of contaminated irrigation water. Data on carbon dioxide assimilation, biomass growth and the bioconcentration and translocation factor of each metal in each species were measured. The polluted substrate caused only a small variation in photosynthesis, however transpiration was more affected by the experimental substrate and in all three species of the genus Brassica the presence of metals in the substrate resulted in higher transpiration levels.Two bioconcentration factors were calculated respectively for the roots (BCF) and the shoots (BCF); the BCF was >1 for all the species for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn without significant differences among species. All the values of BCF were lower than 0.5; among the metals, all Brassica species demonstrated a similar performance for Cd and Zn, whereas for other elements the bioconcentration factor was very low.     

Incorporation of heavy metals by the mud snail,Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve,in submerged paddy soil treated with composted sewage sludge

Summary The biomass of newborn snails was higher in paddy soil without rice plants than in the soil with rice plants. There was an inverse correlation between shell width and concentratins of Zn and Cu in snail flesh. The Zn and Cu concentrations in snail flesh were extremely high compared with those in the paddy soil surrounding the snails, possibly because snails ingest sludge, one of the main components of the composts. These results suggest that this type of snail may be used to eliminate Zn and Cu from paddy soil when composted sewage sludge has been applied.     

Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应研究

泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis Stone)是目前入侵杂草紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)的一种重要天敌, 但在重金属污染的矿区泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的植株寄生率明显降低。故利用同心圆采样法在云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿区5 km范围内采集土壤、紫茎泽兰及泽兰实蝇并测定重金属含量, 以研究重金属在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应, 探讨重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制。结果表明: 土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中Pb、Zn和Cd含量随着距矿中心距离的增加而极显著下降, Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎系统中的富集系数分别为0.205~0.614、0.058~0.079和0.222~0.398, 平均值分别为0.453、0.067和0.315, 在紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的富集系数分别为1.06~7.69、9.68~20.13和1.13~1.56, 平均值分别为2.47、12.83和1.42。Cd和Zn属于强聚集, Pb属于很强聚集的元素。本研究结果证明, Pb、Zn和Cd可以在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统逐级传递富集, 并初步阐明了重金属Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的传递规律。这丰富了重金属污染的生态毒理学效应, 为进一步研究重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制奠定了基础。     

重金属镉对三种潮虫的毒性效应及其回避行为研究

选择潮虫亚目三种常见种:普通卷甲虫Armadillidium vulgare(Latreille,1804),多霜腊鼠妇Porcellionides pruinosus(Brandt,1833)和中华蒙潮虫Mongoloniscus sinensis(Dollfus,1901)为研究对象,以农田自然土壤为实验土壤,人工添加重金属镉(Cd)进行毒理研究。结果表明:(1)急性毒性试验采取滤纸接触法和自然土壤法开展Cd对三种潮虫的急性毒性试验,三者的半致死浓度(LC50)大小关系为:A.vulgareP.pruinosusM.sinensis,说明不同潮虫对Cd的忍耐限度和敏感程度不同。(2)三种潮虫对Cd的富集强弱关系为:M.sinensisP.pruinosusA.vulgare。说明陆生等足类能存活于一定浓度的污染土壤中,但不同潮虫对Cd的富集能力不同。(3)三种潮虫对土壤中Cd均表现出明显的回避行为反应,回避能力大小关系为:A.vulgareP.pruinosusM.sinensis。与急性毒性试验的测试终点LC50相比,潮虫行为测试终点对土壤中重金属镉的反应更为敏感。根据实验结果,中华蒙潮虫体内Cd的富集量随着Cd浓度的增加呈上升趋势,所以其富集能力和耐受性强于普通卷甲虫和多霜腊鼠妇,在将来有望成为土壤重金属污染生物修复的首选动物类群。     

浙江典型铅锌矿废弃地优势植物调查及其重金属含量研究

对浙江境内6个典型的铅锌矿废弃地进行了优势植物调查和植物体重金属含量的定量分析。本次调查共记录到高等植物36种,隶属26属22科,共42个样品。植物中重金属含量高低顺序为Cu相似文献   

Fractionation and Prediction of Copper,Lead, and Zinc Uptake by Two Leaf Vegetables from Their Geochemical Fractions in Urban Garden Fields in Northern Nigeria

The bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals in soil are strongly influenced by the chemical or geochemical species of the metals in soils. We determined the geochemical fractions of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in garden soils, using the seven-step Zeien and Bruemmer fractionation scheme in relation to metal uptake by two leaf vegetables (lettuce, Latuca sativa, and amaranthus, Amaranthus caudatus). Our objective was to develop predictive models for assessing the lability of these metals from the soil metal fractions. The sums of fractions of Cu, Pb, and Zn did not differ by more than 10% from the “pseudo” total concentrations of the metals determined independently by aqua regia digestion. The general distribution of Cu and Pb among the soil fractions was in the order organic-matter-bound > Fe_o and Fe_c > Mn_ox > exchangeable > residual > mobile, except for Cu, where residual and the exchangeable were reversed. Zinc was fairly evenly distributed among organic matter (20%), Fe_o (22%), Fe_c (20%), and residual (21%). Averaged across sites, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the lettuce were almost twice as great as the concentrations in amaranthus even though they were raised in the same fields. The variance in Cu, Pb, and Zn uptake by amaranthus was predicted up to 51–99% from soluble, exchangeable, organic matter, and Fe_o-bound fractions; the variance in metal uptake by lettuce was best predicted from Fe_c- and Fe_o-bound fractions up to 76–90%. Our results indicated differential accessibility to metal fractions by lettuce and amaranthus grown in the same field.     

玉米籽粒含硒量与土壤硒的关系及施硒肥的富硒效应

[目的]探究利用富硒土壤和硒肥生产富硒玉米的可行性,为生产富硒玉米提供实践依据.[方法]选取不同区域、不同地块的样点,分别取土壤和当年生长玉米籽粒样品,测定土壤和玉米籽粒含硒量,研究二者的相关性;同时,进行叶面喷施硒肥试验,研究硒肥对玉米籽粒含硒量的影响.[结果]玉米含硒量和聚硒系数均与土壤含硒量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),但除高硒土壤外,玉米聚硒系数很低,其含硒量难以达到富硒标准;而叶面喷施硒肥可使玉米籽粒含硒量增加到8倍以上.[结论]在一般富硒土壤上难以生产出富硒玉米,而叶面喷施硒肥是生产富硒玉米经济、有效的途径.     

不同品种对水稻铅汞耐性和富集能力的影响

选取2种类型水稻土(黄泥土和红泥土)和9个水稻品种,通过温室盆栽试验,研究Pb(250 mg/kg)、Hg(0.6 mg/kg)污染条件下,水稻品种对水稻Pb、Hg耐性和富集能力的影响。结果表明,Pb污染处理显著降低了水稻产量,在红泥土和黄泥土中,水稻产量的降低幅度分别为3.6%~29.8%和2.3%~16.9%;Hg污染处理下,水稻产量略有下降,但差异不显著。不同品种水稻对Pb、Hg污染的耐性和富集能力差异显著。在Pb污染处理下,宁粳1号产量降幅较小,耐性较高;天协6号产量降幅较大,耐性较低;在Hg污染处理下,宁粳1号耐性较高,浙1500耐性较低。在2种类型水稻土中,特三矮2号稻米Pb的富集系数较高,对Pb污染较敏感;浙1500稻米Hg的富集系数较高,对Hg污染较敏感;宁粳1号稻米Pb、Hg的富集系数均较低,对Pb、Hg污染均不敏感。水稻品种、土壤类型和污染类型对水稻Pb、Hg耐性的影响不同,3个因子的相对贡献率分别为36.5%、18.3%和27.1%。     

Pyroligneous Acids Enhance Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils Using Mustard

Heavy metal (HM) pollution has long been a problem in crop production. However, soils contaminated at low concentration such as areas for food production may have a high risk of biomagnification and food chain contamination. Different methods were used for remediating these polluted environments, but pyroligneous acids (PAs) such as wood vinegar (WV) application are rarely studied. Thus, the effects of WV on metal availability in soils and on the growth of mustard were evaluated by measuring chlorophyll content, biomass, nutrient and metal uptake. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) were computed to determine suitable phytoremediation practices. Overall results revealed favorable growth of mustard due to the direct source of nutrients provided by WV. WV decreased the metal concentration in soil and inhibited uptake through phytostabilization. Organic substances associated with WV are naturally endowed with adsorption sites available for chelation, rendering metals less bioavailable. As a result, HM-contaminated soils can now be utilized for food production.     

镉胁迫对3种柱花草生长及植株镉积累和分配的影响

利用不同浓度镉离子(Cd²⁺)溶液对3个柱花草(Stylosanthes spp.)品种进行不同程度的胁迫处理,以研究Cd²⁺胁迫对柱花草生长、镉积累及其分配的影响。结果表明:随着Cd²⁺浓度的增加,3种柱花草生长均受到抑制,Cd²⁺胁迫对西卡柱花草(Stylosanthes scabra cv.Seca)株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部生物量影响最大,其次是TPRC2001-1柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis.TPRC2001-1),而热研2号柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis cv.Reyan2)影响最小;在Cd²⁺胁迫下3种柱花草地上部和地下部Cd²⁺含量均显著增加,TPRC2001-1柱花草体内含Cd²⁺量较热研2号柱花草和西卡柱花草大;地上部富集系数随Cd²⁺浓度增加呈下降趋势,且在低Cd²⁺浓度(≤1 mg·kg^-1)下更易富集Cd²⁺;Cd²⁺转运系数呈现先上升后下降。