Superfine grinding improves functional properties and antioxidant capacities of bran dietary fibre from Qingke (hull-less barley) grown in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The effect of particle size of hull-less barley (HLB) bran DF on antioxidant and physicochemical properties was investigated. HLB bran and extracted DF was ground by regular and superfine grinding, their particle sizes were determined using laser diffraction method. The results showed that superfine grinding could significantly pulverize DF particles to micro-scale; the particle size distribution was close to a Gaussian distribution. The soluble DF in HLB bran was increased effectively with superfine grinding. Insoluble DF with submicron scale showed increased total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). With particle size reduction, the water retention capacity (WRC), swelling capacity (SC), oil binding capacity (OBC), and nitrite ion absorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and the water holding capacity (WHC) had no significant change. A kind of health beneficial DF with higher soluble DF content, WRC, SC, OBC, NIAC and antioxidant activity was obtained using superfine grinding.     

Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed,food, and biofuels production

Grain compositional components impacting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) use in food, feed and fuel products, must be combined with improved agronomic traits to produce a commercially viable barley cultivar. Little current information is available on grain composition and variability among winter barley genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the variability among modern hulled and hulless winter barley genotypes in grain composition. Barley types varied significantly in grain and kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan, oil and ash content, but not in protein concentration. Hulless barley had significantly higher grain test weight and starch concentration than hulled and malting types, and significantly higher beta-glucan than malting barley. Hulless barley had significantly lower kernel weights, oil, and ash concentrations than hulled and malting types. Higher starch and lower fiber and ash in grain of hulless barley versus hulled feed or malting type barley are characteristics that increase hulless barley desirability. Selection for high starch concentration among all barley types is feasible and will facilitate development of barley cultivars better suited for use in feed, malt, and ethanol production.     

Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health

Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century.     

The effects of extrusion on the content and properties of dietary fibre components in various barley cultivars

Wholemeal flour from five Czech spring barley materials was processed in a single-screw extruder at 130 °C, addition of 20% water and a screw speed of 220 rpm. Two barleys (AF Cesar, AF Lucius) were hulless cultivars with a standard starch composition, while three barleys (KM 2624, KM 2460-1, KM 2460-2) were hulled waxy lines. The effect of extrusion on content of different dietary fibre fractions was determined. Also the changes of the molar mass of β-glucan were studied. Regardless of the barley genotype (standard starch or waxy), the extrusion had no significant effect on arabinoxylan content. A significantly higher beta-glucan and soluble dietary fibre content in barley cultivars with standard starch composition was observed after extrusion. The content of insoluble dietary fibre decreased significantly in all extruded flours. The molar mass of water-extractable beta-glucan increased independently of the barley variety after extrusion. But the increase in beta-glucan extractability due to extrusion was not observed.     

裸燕麦核心种质的抗氧化特性

为了解裸燕麦种质资源的抗氧化特性及其抗氧化作用的物质基础,选用和检测了120份国内外裸燕麦种质。其DPPH清除能力及总酚、生物碱和β-葡聚糖含量的变幅分别为4.34~179.98 mg L^-1、250.99~807.88 mg kg^-1、25.21~347.55 mg kg^-1和0.59%~9.69%,表现出明显的基因型差异,不同来源地和不同种质类型裸燕麦的抗氧化能力和生物碱含量差异较大。采用K-mean cluster快速聚类法将其聚为6大类群,分别由20、39、2、22、12和25份种质组成。燕麦籽粒抗氧化能力与其总酚、生物碱含量呈极显著(P＜0.01)正相关,但与β-葡聚糖含量无显著相关性。表明裸燕麦抗氧化能力与其籽粒中所含的总酚和生物碱类物质密切相关。本研究还筛选出一批高抗氧化的燕麦种质资源,有望用于高抗氧化性燕麦品种的培育。     

Naked barley—Optimized recipe for pure barley bread with sufficient beta-glucan according to the EFSA health claims

Naked barley is an underutilized crop that is suitable for the production of functional food: it contains remarkable amounts of β-glucans, which are well known for their blood cholesterol and short-time blood sugar regulating properties and their impact on weight regulation. The aim of the present work was to develop naked barley bread with satisfying sensory characteristics and good baking qualities that could augment the intake of dietary fiber, especially β-glucans and therefore meet the requirements of the EFSA health claim for β-glucans.     

Lipid removal enhances separation of oat grain cell wall material from starch and protein

Effects of lipid removal on the fine milling and air classification processing of oats were studied. Lipid removal by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction enabled concentration of the main components of oats - starch, protein, lipids and cell walls - into specific fractions. Using defatted oats as raw material, the highest β-glucan concentration of the cell wall-enriched fraction was 33.9% as compared to 17.1% without lipid removal. This was probably due to more efficient milling yielding smaller particles, and release of starchy material from cellular structures during milling of defatted oats, resulting in better classification. The removal of lipids also enabled separation of an oat protein concentrate with a protein concentration of 73.0% and a mass yield of 5.0%. A trial with 2310 kg of oat groats showed that the process based on defatting and dry fractionation was also industrially applicable.     

b-1,3-葡聚糖对副溶血弧菌感染菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的存活及两种免疫基因表达影响

本文以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为材料，开展了不同浓度b-1,3-葡聚糖对正常菲律宾蛤仔及副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)感染后蛤仔的存活率和凝集素基因(Lectin)、Toll样受体2基因(TLR2)的表达研究。结果显示，b-葡聚糖浸泡蛤仔可以有效提高副溶血弧菌感染后蛤仔的存活率，在1000 mg/L浓度下，存活率最高，未感染组的鳃组织中，TLR2在6 h时达到峰值，显著高于其他时间(P<0.05)。在感染组中，TLR2呈先升高后降低的趋势，在1.5 h时达到峰值。感染组和未感染组的Lectin表达均为先升高后下降趋势。在3 h时，100 mg/L未感染组的Lectin相对表达量显著高于100 mg/L感染组(P<0.05)。在外套膜中，感染组和未感染组TLR2在3~12 h之间表达量逐渐降低。在24 h时，1000 mg/L未感染组表达量最高。感染组Lectin在外套膜中，浓度为1000 mg/L的实验组比100 mg/L实验组各时段都有更高的表达量，但只有0和24 h时差异显著(P<0.05)。蛤仔鳃和外套膜Lectin的表达模式不同，但b-葡聚糖的浸泡都促进了Lectin在感染初期的表达。从结果上看，b-葡聚糖的浸泡会增加这2种基因的相对表达，被b-葡聚糖浸泡过的蛤仔被副溶血弧菌感染后，会更为快速地表达TLR2和Lectin。本研究旨在通过不同浸泡浓度b-葡聚糖对蛤仔存活及免疫基因表达的影响，初步了解b-葡聚糖对蛤仔免疫力的作用，为蛤仔亲贝的保种、苗种繁育及池塘养殖的疾病防控提供一定的理论依据。     

Pre-harvest glyphosate application effects on properties of β-glucan from oat groats

Pre-harvest glyphosate is applied to cereal grains to control weed growth. However, it has been claimed that oat (Avena sativa L.) composition is affected by pre-harvest glyphosate application. The research was conducted to evaluate differences in properties of β-glucan in grains of pre-harvest glyphosate treated versus untreated oat plants. Two oat cultivars (Rockford and Souris) were grown at Minot and Prosper, ND, in 2015, and glyphosate was sprayed during the soft dough stage, hard dough stage, or not applied. β-glucan viscosity was not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by treatment at soft dough (1082 cP) or mature (1166 cP) stages compared with untreated (1150 cP) controls. Applying glyphosate at the soft dough stage significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the content and solubility of the β-glucan versus untreated samples. β-glucan content and solubility in oat treated at soft dough were 4.35% and 52.1%, respectively, while in untreated samples were 4.65% and 60.6%, respectively. Treatment at soft dough and hard dough stages significantly (p < 0.05) increased weight average molecular weight (M_w) of the high molecular weight fraction of soluble β-glucan (4.4 × 10⁶ and 3.8 × 10⁶, respectively), compared with untreated controls (3.5 × 10⁶). The M_w of the low molecular weight fraction of soluble β-glucan fraction significantly (p < 0.05) increased at soft and hard dough treatments (5.5 × 10⁵ and 3.3 × 10⁵, respectively), versus untreated samples (3.0 × 10⁵). Therefore, glyphosate can be applied when the grain has reached physiological maturity or thereafter.