不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。     

铝浸种对火龙果种子萌发的影响

以火龙果种子为研究材料,设置了7个铝浸种浓度（0、0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L、10 mg/L、100mg/L、1000 mg/L、2000mg/L）,研究了不同浓度的铝浸种处理对火龙果种子萌发的影响.结果表明：不同浓度铝处理火龙果种子均具有生理活性,它们对火龙果种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗鲜重和活力指数均具有明显的生理作用.7种铝处理浓度中,0.1 mg/L铝处理效果最好.当处理浓度超过2000mg/L时,火龙果幼苗生长受到毒害.     

川东南马尾松外生菌根苗及其抗铝性研究

采自西南地区分离的马尾松林常见的土著菌株松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus 01,03)、彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius 715)和模式种双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor S238N)的基质纯培养物及液体纯培养物,分别按混合(Mix=Ld 01 Ld 03 Pt 715 Lb S238N)及单独接种的方式接种1月龄马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗.菌根苗在不同pH土壤及铝胁迫条件下培育3个月后采样分析其生长和养分吸收特性.结果表明:4种接种方式均能有效形成菌根,显著增加幼苗的生物量,促进幼苗对N、P、K的吸收并显著(P＜0.05)提高抗铝性;混合接种促进马尾松幼苗生长的效果较单独接种好,并且pH=6.1时,幼苗对K的吸收量最大,铝吸收量最少;pH=4.1时,幼苗对N、P的吸收效果最好,但对K的吸收和对铝的抗性最差.     

Amelioration of Aluminum Toxicity by Pretreatment with Phosphate in Aluminum‐Tolerant Rice Cultivar

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of aluminum (Al) in relation to preculture with phosphates was examined in the rice cultivar Arkansas fortuna. In plants precultured with phosphates, Al did not inhibit shoot growth, while Al retarded shoot growth in plants precultured without phosphates. In contrast, Al inhibited root elongation, irrespective of the presence of phosphates in the preculture solution. A large proportion of the Al in roots was in unknown, insoluble forms. In phosphate‐precultured plants, Al deposition was slightly increased, presumably due to the formation of aluminum phosphates in the roots, and phosphorus levels in shoots were markedly increased. Binding with phosphates may ameliorate the toxicity of Al when it enters the shoots and account for the uninhibited shoot growth in the presence of Al in plants precultured with phosphates.     

Root parameters of forest trees as sensitive indicators of acidifying pollutants: a review of research of Japanese forest trees

The root parameters of forest trees can be indicators of a changing environment. We summarize the results of root studies with regard to the effects of acidifying pollutants, especially soil acidification and aluminum toxicity, on various root parameters of Japanese forest trees under experimentally controlled conditions. All root parameters such as biomass, morphology, nutritional status, and physiology can be regarded as indicators, because, under laboratory conditions, root responses occur prior to the responses in the aboveground parts. However, considering the conditions of forest sites, the nutritional status and physiological changes are better indicators of soil acidification and Al stress than the biomass and morphological response. The currently available data suggest that the most important indicator is the Ca/Al molar ratio in roots of Japanese tree species. In order to predict and detect the initial effects of soil acidification, we postulate that the specific root response to the Ca/Al molar ratio of tree roots should be considered as a parameter for use in long-term forest monitoring sites.     

Root growth enhancement by rhizospheric aluminum treatment in Quercus serrata Thunb. seedlings

This article discusses the effect of aluminum on root growth of Querucus serrata Thunb. In a 9-week hydroponics experiment, the effects of various concentrations (0 to 5.0 mM) of Al on root growth were examined. Results revealed that root biomass increases with the increase in Al concentration up to 2.5 mM, and then it tended to decrease. In the next experiment, the effects of H⁺ and Al³⁺ on roots were compared in a 4-week hydroponics experiment using three treatment solutions: control (pH 6.0), −Al (without Al, pH 3.5), and +Al (with 2.5 mM Al, pH 3.5). No clear difference in the biomass and root length between the control and −Al treated roots was observed, and root and shoot biomass were increased by Al treatment. These results confirmed that the H⁺ concentration level, at a pH of 3.5, is not toxic for Q. serrata and the Al-induced increase in root biomass is not caused by the amelioration of H⁺ toxicity by Al. In the third experiment, roots were exposed to an Al solution (pH 3.6) intermittently. This treatment clarified that Al stimulated rooting and root elongation. In the fourth experiment, the effect of 1 mM Al on root growth during a 15-month period in a sand culture were examined. This experiment confirmed that Al stimulated good growth and development of root systems at appropriate concentrations. Therefore, it is considered that Al-induced root growth enhancement occurs as a long-term and short-term phenomenon.     

铝毒和低磷胁迫对水稻幼苗生长·根系有机酸分泌的影响

[目的]为明确低磷、铝毒单独及复合胁迫下,不同水稻品种生理响应的差异。[方法]采用营养液培养试验,以秀水132(耐铝型)和甬优8号(铝敏感型)为材料,研究了各胁迫下幼苗干物质积累、光合能力和根系有机酸分泌量。[结果]低磷、铝毒胁迫下根系和地上部干重、叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著下降。低磷铝毒复合胁迫下幼苗干重及光合参数值均显著低于单一胁迫处理;酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和乙酸是根系各处理下分泌的主要有机酸。低磷、铝毒胁迫下根系乙酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸分泌量增加,复合胁迫时根系3种有机酸的分泌量高于单一胁迫处理。低磷、铝毒胁迫下水稻幼苗干重、光合能力及根系有机酸分泌存在显著的基因型差异。各胁迫下甬优8号植株干重和光合参数的下降幅度高于秀水132,而秀水132根系有机酸分泌量的增幅大于甬优8号。[结论]低磷铝毒复合胁迫引发水稻幼苗更严重的生理代谢抑制,以甬优8号表现更明显;复合胁迫下根系有机酸分泌量高于单一胁迫,以秀水132增幅更大。     

铜离子吸附对可变电荷土壤与恒电荷土壤铝释放的影响

研究了两种可变电荷土壤和两种恒电荷土壤在不同铜离子浓度条件下,pH对铝释放的影响.结果显示,随着加入铜离子浓度的增加,由铜离子交换作用而引起的可溶性铝也随之增加,相同pH条件下,可溶性铝的解吸量依次为砖红壤＞红壤＞黄棕壤＞棕壤,恒电荷土壤中铜离子浓度变化对铝释放的影响较可变电荷土壤更大,当pH大于3.6(恒电荷土壤)或pH大于4.0(可变电荷土壤)时,溶液中可溶性铝的含量几乎可以忽略不计.因此在所研究的铜离子浓度范围内,引起可溶性铝离子量变化的主导因素应该是体系pH值的变化而非铜离子的吸附.     

Effect of aluminum uptake on growth and enzyme activity in Pisum sativum var. ‘Alaska’ and ‘Little Marvel’

It is usually assumed that plant tissue responses to nutritional elements are due to specific genetic differences that may exist either between inbred or closely related species. Little Marvel (dwarf) and Alaska (normal) varieties of 14‐day old pea seedlings were treated with four different concentrations of Al‐containing nutrient solution (0.0mM, 0.2mM, 0.6mM and distilled H₂O), prior to being exposed for 14 days to either DARK, LIGHT, or UV. Selected tissues (root tip, main root, main stem and proximal stem) were bioassayed for peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities, fresh wt vs. dry wt, water uptake and stem growth. The present study suggests that Little Marvel and Alaska pea tissue responds to high toxicity levels of Al by demonstrating an enhancement of enzymic activity. Tissue weight, growth and water uptake also show differential tissue specificity in both Little Marvel and Alaska tissue, in terms of Al toxicity response, given a particular external exposure.     

外生菌根提高植物抗铝性机理研究进展

外生菌根真菌是土壤中一类重要的微生物,能与70%￣75%的森林树种形成外生菌根。它可以促进植物对养分的吸收和利用,提高酸性土壤上植物的抗铝性。外生菌根主要通过以下几方面来增强植物的抗铝能力:(1)扩大吸收面积,增加植物对养分的吸收;(2)排斥或吸附铝离子,阻止其向植物根系运输;(3)有机酸或其它有机物质的分泌增加,提高对铝离子的螯合和对钙、镁等离子的溶解能力;(4)增加激素的分泌,促进植物生长;(5)促进植物生长稀释铝和液泡区域化隔离铝。